The year that was … 2009 for PTI, RT, and our collaborators Craig Stewart – [email protected] Executive Director, Pervasive Technology Institute Associate Dean, Research.
Download ReportTranscript The year that was … 2009 for PTI, RT, and our collaborators Craig Stewart – [email protected] Executive Director, Pervasive Technology Institute Associate Dean, Research.
The year that was … 2009 for PTI, RT, and our collaborators Craig Stewart – [email protected] Executive Director, Pervasive Technology Institute Associate Dean, Research Technologies Indiana University 15 December 2009 1 License terms • • Please cite as: Stewart, C.A. 2009. The year that was … 2009 for PTI, RT, and our collaborators. Presentation. Pervasive Technology Institute – Research Technologies all hands meeting. 22 May 2009, Innovation Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. http://hdl.handle.net/2022/13989 Except where otherwise noted, by inclusion of a source url or some other note, the contents of this presentation are © by the Trustees of Indiana University. This content is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). This license includes the following terms: You are free to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work and to remix – to adapt the work under the following conditions: attribution – you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. 2 PTL& RT -> PTI Transition PTI model evolving Where were we a year ago • • • • Or 20 months Or 14 months Or 13 months ago This past year, we took the road less travelled • Collaborative research, development, and delivery by faculty-led research groups that are formally part of PTI, with professional staff of UITS and IU Librarians, often in collaboration with faculty in scholarly disciplines – World-class faculty providing intellectual research leadership – World-class professional staff executing RD&D – Excellent students & postdocs • • • • • Sustained Extend what can be done within IU via base funding; State-wide and National impact Economic growth and 21st century workforce development IU’s key brand identity for IT research, development, and delivery Still evolving (e.g. org charts). Everyone in RT 3 and DLP included by inheritance PTI/RT Strategic Plan • Document 1 – mission and scope. 120 – Sets mission and direction for RT and PTI – RT maintaining its on campus identity – Many cycles of comment, now finalized – Collaboration is a core competency – Key going forward – increasing diversity, reliability, and term of grant-funded efforts – What matters is extending possibilities – But economic impact is not to be overlooked 80 FTE • Growth in capability 100 PTI Soft 60 PTI Base RT Soft RT Base 40 20 0 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Fiscal Year 4 The basics – operations and service Unending New Imperatives UITS EFFICIENCY REVIEW COMMITTEES BASE FUNDS REALLOCATED • Network Security • Massive Research Data Storage ERC 1 FY 1998 TOTAL $ 2,500,000 • Wireless ERC 2 FY 2002 $ 600,000 • 24 Hour Support ERC 2.1 FY 2003 $ 467,000 • Disaster Recovery & Business Continuity ERC 3 FY 2005 $ 2,182,000 ERC 4 FY 2007 $ 1,300,000 $ 7,049,000 • More IT Classrooms • Mobility Services • Podcasting • High Performance Computing • Licensing Cost Increases… ERC 5 FY 2007 to 2011 ~ 5% of base The Efficiency Review Committee process trims budgets for reallocation to new priorities. Formal proposals request funding for new needs. 5 Trains running better than ever • Utilization levels of systems high • OnCourse – Looking seriously at alternatives, but at least you can find stuff … if you look hard enough • Excellent satisfaction ratings on UITS user survey • Favorite new metric: number of Nobel Laureates using IU’s advanced cyberinfrastructure 6 Request Tracker Trouble Ticket • Improving service – fewer dropped balls, trimming the end of the tail • Separated functions of trouble tracking and todo list management reasonably • Operational improvement - ABC metrics! (ABC) Service Category Advanced Visualization Grant Support Grid & Data-centric Computing High Performance Computing Life Sciences Computing Stat & Math Center Research Storage RT Data ABC Metrics YTD Per 08/09 Per Month Month 55.2 3.8 5.4 0.3 15.8 80.3 247.6 106.2 11.4 17.6 907.6 858.9 42.2 4.8 7 “Hence the next IU IT Strategic Plan should be a plan to develop the pervasive use of IT to help build excellence in education and research in all disciplines, in administration, in IU's engagement in the life of the state, across all campuses, and in collaboration with IU's key partners such as Clarian Health and institutions of higher education in the state. The plan should sustain IU's leadership in services and infrastructure, while maximizing how these are leveraged to build excellence in education and research. And the plan should attempt to take into account the impact of the new waves of technology innovation in education and research based on the best predictions and analysis that can be developed.” Charge from President McRobbie 8 Selected Empowering People action items • Recommendations and Actions are clear and clearly mapped out. • Overall organizational success depends on implementing the plans in the PTI proposal, the PTI/RT strategic planning document, & Empowering People • The major strategic goals and our dependence upon grant funding will not change in the foreseeable future • http://ep.iu.edu/ Action Lead 3 – Critical facilities EI 4 - Cyberinfrastructure RT 6 – Leveraging partnerships LT 16 – External Funding PTI 25 – Research into IT EI 33 – Storage utility RT 37 – Preserving creative works DLP 51 – Technology Transfer IURTC & PTI 55 – Scholarly Curation DLP 70 – IT-enabled research PTI 71 – IT-enabled research resources PTI 72 – IT Research hiring RT 9 Some PTI/RT early strategic wins • • • • • • • FutureGrid D2I - GENI Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute Grant proposals led/ initiated from RT-A: TAIS, ODI, CDI collaborations ANML more aggressive in the grant writing game Representation of PTI and RT in lead roles within Empowering People; EP implementation plans all drafted Faculty recruitment & engagement 10 Actions 3,4, 70 -Grant applications and awards Grants submitted YTD Grants awarded YTD # $ 38 17 $37,920,750 $14,928,705 More than $15M in infrastructure grant proposals pending Submitted is not a guarantee of success… but you can’t win if you don’t play Success rate – approximately 40% 11 3, 4, 70 -> Communication challenges Major Project Reviews, Part 1 • • • • First and Third Thursdays of Each Month, Starting January 21 Goal: provide open forum for information sharing and for raising and addressing any open issues affecting success in major projects Invitees: all RT and PTI staff Format: – – – • • • 9:00-10:00 AM: One major project (rotating) for 30 minute presentation on current status and plans over next 6 months, 30 minute discussion and Q/A 10:00-10:45 AM: Brief discussion of 3 projects, each 10 minute quick status updates 10:45-11:00 AM: Open time for pressing issues Time will be kept ruthlessly and presenters are expected to keep to 30 minutes presentation for major discussions, 10 minutes for updates Discussion will be open and respectful Open Science Grid, TeraGrid RP/GIG, CTSI, FutureGrid, AVL, MultiCore, Stat/Math/GIS, PolarGrid, CIFASD/NGVB, Additions as appropriate 12 Action 4 - Cyberinfrastructure • Tape Library • PolarGrid cluster • Data Capacitor • DC highlights: – Invited to speak to an international audience about our experiences with DC-WAN at OGF 25 in Sicily. – Invited to give a day long seminar on the Data Capacitor at Risø (Denmark’s national laboratory for sustainable energy) – Usage in 2009 has been booming for both the Data Capacitor and DC-WAN. At present both filesystems are over 90% capacity (approaching 700 TB) and our test filesystem has been in use for other projects including CIC storage project. – DC-WAN currently mounted in production at 5 TeraGrid sites. 13 Action 16 Enhancing IU’s research competitiveness and national leadership 14 Action 16 cont - SC09 15 Action 16 yet more… 16 And strategic challenges – Action 4 and utilization is maxed out…. 17 Buildings & related • Data Center – Unmitigated success, so far (Thanks Infrastructure!!!!) • Innovation Center – Highly mitigated success • Intelligent infrastructure – PTI move - Time allocation in transition – Virtual hosting services – Uptake by TG administrative services – Partial hosting of FlyBase – The missing piece – Available to all – Backups 18 And now PTI Centers (Action 70) 19 Data to Insight Center • Following slides all courtesy of Data to Insight Center, Beth Plale, Director, and may not be reused without permission. 20 D2I • Linked Environments for Atmospheric Discovery (LEAD) leadership shifted to the Data To Insight Center • In new partnership announced at SC09, Data To Insight and Microsoft partner on LEAD-in-a-Box that serves the scientific community with weather data products and analysis utilizing Microsoft’s well received Trident Scientific Workflow System. Karma • The Karma provenance collection tool, developed in Data To Insight, receives over ¾ million dollars in new funding from NASA and the NSF funded GENI initiative in network science to advance collection and representation capabilities. • The Karma data provenance team in the Data to Insight Center and the University of Manchester worked with Eli Lilly to integrate data provenance collection and semantic annotation into Lilly’s open source Life Science Grid (LSG). The project culminated in a demonstration of functionality in Manchester, England early 2009. Workshop on Cloud Computing and Collaborative Technologies in the Geosciences, Indianapolis, IN. September 2009 • Data To Insight brought 55 scientists, collaborative technology and cloud computing experts to Indianapolis September 2009 for a compelling discussion of the potential impact of the emerging technologies to advance research in the geosciences • Data To Insight engages with the Federal Aviation Administration in the multi-billion dollar NextGEN project to improve air traffic infrastructure in the United States. – Data To Insight chosen for its expertise in metadata, Web Services, and HPC. – Multi-year commitment – Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Coverage Service (WCS) and Web Feature Service (WFS) hosted at IU DLP • IMLS National Leadership Grant 20092011 – Jenn Riley, Indiana University PI – Libraries/D2I and UITS staff are working together on a project funded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services to create a model for next-generation library catalogs using the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) conceptual model. The project uses records from the Variations Digital Music Library. 25 DLP • VIVO Project – 2009-2011 – NCRR/NIH U24 Award Stimulus Package Funded Project • Mike Conlon, University of Florida PI • Dean Kraft, Cornell University Co-PI • Katy Borner, Indiana University, Co-PI – DLP/D2I partnering with IU Cyberinfrastructure for Network Science Center and IU Information Visualization Lab along with UITS Identity Management Systems – Implement IUB Node for a National Network of Scientific Social Networking – Possible partnerships with the U24 funded Harvard based eagle-i project (resource networking) 26 VIS • WaterWall • tuioZones • New approaches to programming education 27 Center for Applied Cybersecurity Research • Following slides all courtesy of Center for Applied Cybersecurity Research. Fred Cate, Director, and may not be reused without permission. 28 CACR • Three Substantive Focal Areas: – Health Care – National Security – Higher Education • Plus – Public Outreach – Internal Capacity Building 29 CACR • • • Health Care – Sponsored “A Research Agenda for Privacy and Security of Healthcare Technologies”—a major international workshop with 66 invited participants, funded by Eli Lilly and Company – Spearheaded development of new Center for Strategic Health Information Provisioning (C-SHIP) in partnership with Medical School, Informatics and Computing, Maurer School of Law, and OVPIT, and raised start-up funds for first year of operation – Launched Health Informatics Seminar twice each month – Received $538,595 NIH grant for two-year project on “Protecting Privacy in Health Research” National Security – Providing assistance to the White House team conducting into the President’s 60-day cybersecurity review – Participated in classified reviews of Department of Homeland Security cybersecurity programs – Consulted with the Air Force and the Navy on cybersecurity and cyberwarfare initiatives – Briefed Congress, federal agencies, and European regulators on appropriate use of personal information to detect and prevent terrorist threats. – NSF grant under submission to help provide secure, affordable, and reliable communications using the existing cell phone infrastructure following a terrorist attack or other disaster Higher Education – Annual Indiana Higher Education Cybersecurity Summit expanded to include the entire Big 10, now scheduled for April 1, 2010, featuring Bruce Schneier 30 CACR • Public Outreach – At work with WFIU/WTIU developing “Moment of Security” broadcasts and related webcasts to provide simple tutorials for the public on how to perform important security tasks (such as choose a strong password, secure a wireless router, etc.) – Extensive appearances before civic and community groups, published op-eds, and other outreach efforts • Internal Capacity Building – Awarded five internal grants, totally $232,000, to support early stage cybersecurity research likely to attract future external support – More than $7,500 invested in travel grants and student registration fees to encourage participation in key conferences by cybersecurity faculty and students – Expanded prior monthly information security seminar to bi-weekly presentations by leading practitioners and scholars nationwide – Appointed 17 “Fellows” of the CACR from eight IU units 31 SURG • DIMA (Dietary Intake Monitoring Application): – Paper diaries have 11% compliance rate – Electronic diaries have up to 94% compliance – Bar code scanner for easiest input – Icons for foods without bar codes – Real-time feedback – ran pilot study with 20 study and 20 control patients • ETHOS: working on 5 prototypes to put into 8 people's homes in the Spring • Text Messaging: In middle of large study (3 months, 20+ participants) • Ph.D. Student finished Digital Science Center • Following slides all courtesy of Digital Science Center, Geoffrey C. Fox, Director, and may not be reused without permission. 35 DSC - PolarGrid 36 DSC – FutureGrid … • Will put the “science” back in the computer science of grid computing • Will be an “experiment factory” • Will enable advances in science and engineering through collaborative evolution of science applications and related software. • Will be a robustly managed simulation environment or testbed to support the development and early use in science of new technologies at all levels of the software stack: from networking to middleware to scientific applications. 37 CGL – SALSA (Service Aggregated Linked Sequential Activities) • Research and software development – Implement range of data intensive life science applications with Dryad/Hadoop/iMapReduce technologies – Implement on virtual clusters (clouds) to address very large biology problems – Develop a suite of high performance parallel data mining algorithms on multicore clusters • Basic Pairwise dissimilarity calculations • MDS and GTM in various forms • Vector and Pairwise Deterministic annealing clustering – Develop iterative MapReduce to blend the best of MPI and MapReduce – Develop 3D viewer for data visualization • • • • Publications :3 book chapters, 1 Dryad report, 13 publications, 18 presentations (three at SC09) Grants: 250K grant from Microsoft; Proposals (PI, Co-PI): NSF data intensive computing; METACyt Other activities: – EOT 2009: supervised three IU_HBCU STEM summer scholars from North Carolina A&T; three IU REU research assistants – Organized multicore workshop at CCGrid 2010 and computational life sciences at HPDC 2010 – Organized workshop tutorial on MapReduce for NCSA virtual summer school 2010 Cyberaide.org CGL - Cyberaide: GreenIT Problem Approach • • • • • Advanced Cyberinfrastructure is difficult to program. Large scale uses a lot of energy. Society must reduce the carbon footprint while at the same time enable large scale cyberinfrastructure to support solving the most pressing societal scientific problems. Investigator: Gregor von Laszewski Achievements • • • Published or got accepted about 10 papers as part of the Cyberaide project. Showed that in some instances we can save 32% of the energy while only enduring a 10% increase in the length of the calculation. Simulated thermal reduction through clever remapping of tasks on supercomputers based on real data. • • Focus on algorithm design to improve carbon footprint. Focus on integration of energy efficient hardware in the available cyberinfrastructure. Do not just focus on the development of algorithms, but try to change the behavior of scientists while not rewarding the fastest but also carbon saving potentially slower algorithms. Figure: Simulated Temperature Reduction Figure: GreenIT Portal Prototype CGL/RT - Gateways • • • • • • • • Two new staff members – Raminder Singh, Archit Kulshrestha AVATS Audio/Video system supported e-Science, CI Sustainability workshop, Statewide IT, and Data Services Day – Sidd Maini and Josh Rosen Major new OGCE collaborations with GridChem, Ultrascan projects. – Suresh Marru, Raminder Singh GCE Workshop – 50+ attendees, 14 papers in ACM digital proceedings Collaborations with CGB (Q. Dong) and School of Medicine (S. Meroueh) led to two new gateways. – CGB collaboration was the seed for a new NIH GO funded project. – Sangmi Pallickara, Josh Rosen QuakeSim Project funded by two NASA grants – Xiaoming Gao, Jun Ji USGS-funded Flood Grid Project completed – Yu Ma, Jun Wang, Jun Ji, Neil Devadasan (Polis Center) OGCE and OSG collaborating on MyOSG OSL - Biocomplexity Institute collaboration • • • • • NIH-funded Lumsdaine named Associate Director CompuCell3D software Two workshops at IUB U.S. EPA collaboration (National Center for Computational Toxicology) • Workflow/parameter study on Big Red OSL - Parallel Graph Analysis in VTK • Collaboration with Sandia National Lab • PBGL incorporated into widely-used open source Visualization Toolkit (VTK) as part of information visualization library OSL Parallel BGL • Merged into Boost software library collection, released as part of version 1.40 • Identified requirements for generic graph algorithms on the Cray XMT supercomputer • Created memory-efficient betweenness centrality algorithm • Investigating finer-grained communication patterns CorePy • Support for NVIDIA and ATI GPUs • Used for cryptographic application by an external user Other Highlights • MPI 2.2 released in Helsinki with significant OSL contributions • Cluster Challenge paper won a best paper award at LCI • SC activities (presenting and demonstrating FT in OMPI) • Netgauge performance measurement tool version 2 released • InfiniBand effective bisection bandwidth simulator released • Merging PBGL into Boost • 1 PetaFLOPS achieved on HP-Linpack with OpenMPI 43 •The center supports and enhances efforts to develop theory, study data, create and implement algorithms, and apply computational techniques and simulations to complex networks and systems in nature, technology, and society. Highlights: •Work on the forecast of the H1N1 pandemic. •Work on modeling the properties of written text •Work on the analysis of Twitters 1 new Army grant + 1 new NSF grant + 2 Corporate/Foundation research agreement Research activities featured on Washington Post, New York Times, Chicago Tribune, CBS, Discovery channel, New Scientist, Wired, Yahoo! News, USA Today, The Lancet etc. Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research: Epidemic modeling and forecast of the H1N1 Pandemic Crisis Room with the kind support of SOIC and PTI •Monte Carlo likelihood estimate of transmissibility and seasonality (general procedure to be applied in different contexts). •We have simulated 2x106 epidemics for a total of 50 Terabyte of data and 4Million minutes of state-of-the-art CPU time. (THANKS BIG RED!!) Results: •Short term projections in May. •Activity peaks forecast worldwide (220 countries). •Vaccination campaigns scenarios. •Etc. etc. Work funded by •National Institute of Health; •Keck Foundation & National Academy of Sciences; •Defense Threat Reduction Agency; •Abbott; Lockheed Martin Corporation; ISI; •NEW GRANT with Army Research Laboratory Real Projected Work published in •Science 325, 425 (2009); •BMC Medicine, 7, 43 (2009); •Emerging Health Threats, 2 e11 (2009); •PNAS (forthcoming issue of Dec. 21 2009) •Plos Current Influenza RRN1129 (2009). Research Technologies Division of UITS 46 RT-led R,D&D - OSG & MyOSG 47 TeraGrid • • • • • • Production jobs on DC-WAN Production mounts at 4 sites – test at 5th Outreach - movies Total 7,541,448 SUs used by IU researchers Our usage is worth millions of dollars per year to IU TG landscape is changing – TeraGrid capacity has grown by 10x in 2 years – Many resources will be decommissioned from TeraGrid availability at the end of March – Focus on highest end scalability means that there will be an increasing gap between what campuses need generally for high end research and what the TeraGrid can provide 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Standard Units (SUs) 48 RT-Visualization • Strategic Hires – Bill Sherman (via DRI, NCSA) – Hui Zhang (via Microsoft, IU CS Ph.D.) • New partnerships w/ external funding – IUPUI: Informatics, Dental School – IUB: Psychology, Kinesiology • New Technologies – IQ Station (John-e-Box follow-on) + FreeVR – Innovation Center Displays – spring 2010 – Detailed planning for higher-end displays in CIB and Research Commons IUIC – room 105 • SC’09 Immersive Visualization workshop – revitalize national community (CAVERNUS from 1990s), promote resource, tool, and knowledge sharing – collaborative grant proposals in 2010 IQ Station prototype CIC (Big 10 + U. Chicago) testbed • Big digital bucket, shared (use and cost) among CIC • Installation of test equipment at IU successful • There is basic functionality now, and local performance tests have • Efforts are underway to set up a library curation development with IU library staff. • Storage performance appears to be within the expected levels • MSU, UIUC, PSU, and Iowa have hardware and software requests in • Example of increasing diversity and reliability of funding sources 50 Economic Development Initiatives • Indiana High Performance Computing Technical Assistance Program – Based on ideas from Danko Antolovic – Provides funds for Indiana businesses to spend on us, doing programming/consulting – Funded by IEDC – Indiana Economic Development Initiative has supported 8 companies so far • Future Technology Solutions Development Center – Extended to 2012 – Foci other than Cell 51 Life Sciences • Overall – Strategic plan has taken shape – Pursuing projects and grant opportunities aligned with plan – Translational medicine web site launched – RT systems HIPPA potomized (aka aligned) – Raised UITS profile at medical school - people beginning to seek us out – Agreement with IUSM regarding ICR • HubZero – We've gotten off the ground – Successfully generated lots of interest on campus as reflected in workshop attendance 52 Stat Math, GIS • Continued excellence in distributing and supporting statistical software • Integration of GIS activities in RT • David C. Ford award. This award was presented to UITS as an organization for "exemplary service, dedication, and accomplishment in coordinating Indiana GIS. The award recognizes historic accomplishments in support of IGIC and Indiana's geospatial community.” 53 PTI and RT Outreach and user engagement • • • • • • • • • • • • • Very successful user-related outreach Rekindled workshops on use of high performance systems HubZero workshops MEAP Data Services Day GIS Day CACR public notices Native Knowledge Pathways Project (Fox/CGL) ANML Kids camp, SOIC summer camp, back to school tips, etc. Billions of AVL tours served IT Matters @ IU newsletter PTI Brochure Better alignment of overall communication efforts 54 Next year - Short and Long Term Priorities • Short Term – HIRING – Getting a map of the forest, depiction of org structures for clarity – IC building issues – XD – Piecing together continuity plans for grant-funded staff – Continued operational improvements • PLEASE look at wiki before ordering workstations • Code repository • Long Term – System refreshes (DC, Big Red) – Projects related to Big Digital Bucket – Communication mechanisms that will enable everyone in PTI to see the bigger picture and drill down where interested – Continuing to establish the value of the PTI model – Going from proposed to approved EP plans – and when done planning the work, working the plan – Scientist titles – Ongoing – maintain list of key focus areas 55 And some things not to overlook - sad, bad, and good • In memory of Myles Brand… • A lot of thrashing in the community generally • A lot of really exhausted people here • Peebles Lecture Series Started • Geoffrey Fox named one of “10 people to watch” in 2010 • A year in which our success, in absolute terms, is simply without precedent at IU 56 And it’s the end of a decade as well • 1998 ITSP • Where were you at 3 am, 1 January, 2000? • Real leadership – check • National center funding – check • Sustainability – clearly articulated as goal, not yet done • Added value to University, State, Nation, world definitely 57 Kauffman Foundation rankings of high-tech economies So as the year and decade end….. • We have a model for PTI, it’s evolving but so far highly successful • Selected a few things to focus on and improve in 2010 • Key: doing the hard work of doing, truly well • Three closing thoughts: – “There is a mysterious cycle in human events. To some generations much is given. Of other generations much is expected. This generation … has a rendezvous with destiny.” – FDR – "The struggle itself...is enough to fill a [person’s] heart. One must imagine Sisyphus happy.” –Albert Camus – We’ve pushed a lot of boulders up a lot of hills. More await. But take time now to feel good, and give yourselves a round of applause 59 Thank you. Questions? 60 Acknowledgements - People • • • • • • • • Thanks to leadership and staff of the Pervasive Technology Institute and Research Technologies Division of UITS. Malinda Lingwall for editing, graphic layout, and managing process Maria Morris contributed to the graphics used in this talk John Morris (www.editide.us) contributed graphics This work would not have been possible without the dedicated and expert efforts of the staff of the Research Technologies Division of University Information Technology Services, the faculty and staff of the Pervasive Technology Labs, and the staff of UITS generally. Thanks to the faculty and staff with whom we collaborate locally at IU and globally (via the TeraGrid, and especially at Technische Universitaet Dresden) Thanks to the Lilly Endowment for funding in support of the Pervasive Technology Institute. Much of the work cited in this presentation was funded by federal funding agencies, particularly the National Science Foundation, NIH, and NASA. Any opinions expressed by the presenter are his own and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of any funding agency, federal or otherwise. November 6, 2015 Acknowledgments 62