Just-in-Time Lecture Chile Earthquake and Tsunami February 27, 2010 February 27, 2010 | 1605 GMT.
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Just-in-Time Lecture Chile Earthquake and Tsunami February 27, 2010 February 27, 2010 | 1605 GMT CHILE EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 22 MAY 1960 What is the Earthquake? The shaking of earth caused by waves moving on and below the earth's surface and causing: surface faulting, tremors vibration, liquefaction, landslides, aftershocks and/or tsunamis. How Earthquake Happens? It caused by a sudden slip on a FAULT. Stresses in the earth's outer layer push sides of fault together. Stress builds up & rocks slips suddenly, releasing energy in waves that travel through the earth's CRUST & cause the shaking that we Feel during an earthquake. Earthquake Strength Measures I) Magnitude & II) Intensity I) Magnitude: Definition: A measure of actual physical energy release at its source as estimated from instrumental observations. Scale: Richter Scale By Charles Richter, 1936 Open-ended scale The oldest & most widely used Noji 1997 Earthquake Strength Measures I) Magnitude & II) Intensity II) Intensity: Definition: a measure of the felt or perceived effects of an earthquake rather than the strength of the earthquake itself. Scale: Modified Mercalli (MM) scale 12-point scale, ranges from barely perceptible earthquakes at MM I to near total destruction at MM XII Magnitude versus Intensity Magnitude refers to the force of the earthquake as a whole, while intensity refers to the effects of an earthquake at a particular site. An earthquake can have just one magnitude, while intensity is usually strongest close to the epicenter & is weaker the farther a site is from the epicenter. The intensity of an earthquake is more germane to its public health consequences than its magnitude. Public Health Consequences of Earthquakes Please see the following addresses for above title: Part I. http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec13021/index.htm Part II. http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec13051/index.htm 30 years continuous evolution in the practice of Crisis or Disaster Management Civil defense Emergency assistance Disaster response and relief Strategic shift from managing a disastrous Humanitarian assistance event to more Emergency management preventive and Civil protection Disaster mitigation and prevention Disaster Risk Management proactive approaches!! What is Disaster risk reduction (disaster reduction or DRR)? • The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development ! What is the Hazard? • A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or degradation. Naturalenvironmental Geological Hyman Induced Earthquake Hydro meteorological Flood, Hurricane Biological Pandemic Environmental degradation Deforestation Technological Nuclear release What is the Vulnerability? • The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. • Vulnerable Chile: o Unprepared people o Non-resistant house & school building o High-density population o etc. What is Risk? • The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards & vulnerable conditions. • Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability What is a Disaster ? • A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. What is a Disaster? • A disaster is a function of the risk process. • It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk. Just-in-Time Education Let’s teach the communities right now ! Risk awareness & Knowledge development including education, training, research and information are of the important fields of action for Disaster Risk Reduction! Information …. People need information as much as water, food, medicine or shelter. Information can save lives, livelihoods & resources. Lack of informatio7n can make people victims of disaster. World Disaster Report 2005 – IFRC/RCS What we should do/do not before, during & after the earthquake? Please read carefully at: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/prepare.html List of Supercourse lectures on Earthquakes • Tectonic explanation of the May 12, 2008, Sichuan Earthquake in Chinese China Earthquake: 12 May 2008. Short version in Chinese in Spanish • China Earthquake: 12 May 2008. Long version • Pakistani Earthquake. 8 October 2005 (Spanish version) • Earthquakes 2000 to 2005 From Indonesia to Pakistan • A Case Study for the Setting of Water Supply & Sanitation Priorities in the PAK Emergency • Earthquake & Tsunami South Asia, 26 Dec 2004 • Earthquake Mitigation (in Spanish) List of other useful Lectures on Disasters at Supercourse • Dead Bodies and Disasters: Principles of Mortuary Services (in Spanish) • Public Health Disaster Consequences of Disasters (In Spanish) (In Russian) (In Arabic) (In Portuguese) (in Japan) • Safety matters: How to Safely Evacuate from your Home • Data for Decision making in disasters: advances and controversies Just-in-Time Lecture Earthquake in Chile • While Chilean state authorities are getting to work in providing relief to those areas of Chile affected by the earthquake, the focus of global concern now is on the following tsunami effect. Chile has been evacuating people from the coastal areas of Easter Island. The towns of Talcahuano, Coquimbo, Antofagasta and Caldera have reportedly been struck by tsunami waves. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has issued a tsunami warning along the Pacific Coast for the following: Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Antarctica, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Pitcairn, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, French Polynesia, Mexico, Cook Islands, Kiribati, Kermadec Island, Niue, New Zealand, Tonga, American Samoa, Samoa, Jarvis Island, Wallis-Futuna, Tokelau, Fiji, Australia, Hawaii, Palmyra Island, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Howland-Baker, New Caledonia, Johnston Island, Solomon Island, Nauru, Marshall Island, Midway Island, Kosrae, Papua New Guinea, Pohnpei, Wake Island, Chuuk, Russia, Marcus Island, Indonesia, North Marianas, Guam, Yap, Belau, Japan, Philippines and Chinese Taipei. Just-in-Time Lecture Brief: Tsunami Waves Expected To Hit Hawaii • According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, tsunami tidal waves of up to nine feet are expected to hit Hilo Bay in Hawaii within 4 hours, 11:05 a.m. local time. The waves are not considered dangerous, although the tidal forces could be, and so residents should stay out of the waters. Jenifer Rhoades, Tsunami Program Manager for NOAA’s National Weather Service, predicted small but significant impact, the equivalent of flash foods. Hilo Bay is the first location that will be hit by the waves, followed by Kahului. The Hilo International Airport has already been closed, and emergency preparations are underway in the island state. STRATFOR is continuing to monitor the effects of the overnight earthquake near Concepción, Chile. What is a Tsunami? (soo-NAH-mee) Tsunami or Harbor Wave A Japanese word represented by two characters: tsu & nami tsu means harbor & nami means wave History of Tsunami Ancient city of Knossos, the capital of the Minoan civilization Risks Posed by Tsunamis Flooding Contamination of drinking water Fires from ruptured tanks or gas lines Loss of vital community infrastructure Tsunami Prediction: Understanding of the phenomenon Data collection on earthquake & sea level Data interpretation Impossible prediction of earthquakes generating tsunamis Tsunami Definition & Causes Scientific term? Tsunami Seismic sea waves Tidal waves How is a tsunami different from a wind-generated wave? When an earthquake occurs in a source: Outward traveling of energy in all directions Outward radiation of waves in all directions & propagation across ocean basins Chilean Earthquake (1960) Sweeping tsunami across the Pacific to Japan A tsunami can compete with a jet airplane, traveling across the ocean in less than a day. When the ocean is 20000 feet (6100 m) deep, a tsunami travels at 550 miles/hr (890 km/hr). Determinant factors of the size of a tsunami at initial phase & along the coast Tsunamis generation: I. Initiation II. Split III. Amplification IV. Run-up Tsunamis generation: I. Initiation Tsunamis generation: II. Split Tsunamis generation: III. Amplification Tsunamis generation: IV. Run-up Scientific terms: Run-up: Vertical height a wave reaches above a reference sea level as it washes ashore. Wave height: Vertical measurement of the wave before it reaches shore. Inundation distance: Horizontal distance a tsunami reaches landward from shoreline. Appearance of a tsunami when reaches the shore A rapidly rising or falling tide A series of waves A bore Run-up height: Tsunamis of distant origin: > 50 ft (15 m) Tsunami generated near the earthquake epicenter: > 100 ft (30 m) First wave may not be the largest in the series of waves. Do tsunamis stop once on land? Energy reflection back Edge waves Complicated behavior of tsunami waves near the coast ! The first run-up of a tsunami is often not the largest. Do not return to a beach several hours after a tsunami hits. Tsunami can not be felt aboard ships nor can they be seen from the air in the open ocean. Why are tsunami so destructive? Learn about : International Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC) International Tsunami Warning System (ITWS) http://www.prh.noaa.gov/itic/ Mandate Functions Research and Data Collection Responsibilities Visiting Scientists Program Education, Preparedness & Disaster Reduction What is the International Tsunami Warning System (ITWS)? Seismic station International Tsunami Warning System (ITWS) ITWS includes 31 seismic stations & > 60 tide stations The stations have ability to transmit their data immediately & in real time to the headquarters at PTWC in Hawaii. How does the International Tsunami Warning System Work? Tsunami WARNING & Tsunami WATCH Dissemination of Watches & Warnings by ITIC When Earthquake is Strong Enough to Cause a Tsunami !! • Monitoring the tide gauges near the epicenter • Watch bulletins for all earthquake ≥ 7 in the Aleutian Islands & ≥ 7.5 elsewhere in the Pacific • Watching cancellation: Negligible tsunami or no tsunami Watching Warning if a tsunami threat Capabilities & Limitations of the International Tsunami Warning System (ITWS) Be Prepared for Tsunamis & Protect Yourself Similar Tsunamis, Similar Strategies for Survival Tsunami is coming! What you must do! Tsunami is coming! What you must do, If you are on a boat!