Module 1: Managing Manure for Environmental Protection Logo By Mark Risse and Diana Rashash Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-1
Download ReportTranscript Module 1: Managing Manure for Environmental Protection Logo By Mark Risse and Diana Rashash Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-1
Module 1: Managing Manure for Environmental Protection
By Mark Risse and Diana Rashash
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Module Goals:
Understand key environ mental issues Recognize principles of good stewardship Understand why nutrient balance is an important issue and strategies to address it on-farm Review basic regulatory requirements Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-2
EPA’s Leading Sources of Water Quality Impairment
Rank Rivers 1
Agriculture
2
Municipal
3 Lakes
Agriculture Urban Runoff Utilities
Estuaries
Municipal Urban Runoff Urban Runoff Agriculture
4 5
Mining Industry Municipal Septic Industry Mining Source: EPA National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress, 1993 Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-3
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80% Sources of N and P to Watersheds in Central U.S.
(1995 GAO report to U.S. Congress) 60% 40% 20% 0% Atmos Fertilizer Manure Point phere Source Nitrogen Phosphorus
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Manure: Good or Bad
Source of pathogens and oxygen-demanding substances that harm water or source of organic matter that improves soil quality Our largest source of water quality impairment or a source of plant nutrients that can save energy and money Source of odor and emissions that harm neighbors or a means to reduce carbon dioxide emissions that cause global warming. Your management determines which it is!
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An Environmental Steward:
#1 Is aware of farm’s environmental risks.
#2 Has
NO
point source discharges.
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An Environmental Steward (continued): #3 Implements a nutrient management plan.
#4 Is a good neighbor.
#5 Knows the rules.
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Manure Has Environmental Benefits
Commercial fertilizer Manure Manure contains organic carbon.
Organic carbon is key to soil health and structure.
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Environmental Benefits of Manure
Increases soil carbon Reduces soil erosion and runoff Reduces nitrogen (N) leaching potential Increases crop productivity Replaces energy-intensive N fertilizer and limited resource phosphorus (P) fertilizer Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-9
Review of Historical Soil Conservation Experiment Data (Risse and Gilley 2000)
Manure reduced total runoff by 1%-68%.
Manure reduced soil erosion by 13%-77%.
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Water Quality Issues Associated with Animal Production
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What are the Primary Water Quality Contaminants in Manure?
Pollutant Risk to: Common Path Nitrate Ammonia
Human/Animal Health Fish Kills Leaching to Groundwater Surface Runoff
P Pathogens
Eutrophication Human Health Erosion/Surface Runoff Surface Runoff
Organic Matter
Reduced oxygen-fish kills Surface Runoff Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-12
Pollution from Nutrients
Nitrogen Limiting element for plant growth Highly soluble and mobile in environment Nitrates are health hazard Can be transferred through atmosphere Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-13
Pollution from Nutrients (continued)
Phosphorus Often limiting to aquatic plant growth Less mobile, erosion control important Tends to buildup in soil Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-14
Pathogens
Manure contains organisms that can cause infection or disease.
Concern for drinking water Soil is an effective filter for most pathogens.
Land application, long term storage, and com posting can reduce numbers.
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Pathogens (continued)
Fecal coliform is indicator measured for water quality.
Young stock generally has higher levels of pathogen loads.
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Point Source of Pollution
a single identifiable source of pollution, such as a pipe, through which wastewater is discharged into surface waters.
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Nonpoint Source Pollution
takes place over a broad area and results in the release of pollutants from many different locations. Runoff and soil erosion are often the driving force for nonpoint source pollution.
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What are the Pathways by Which Manure Contaminates Water?
Precipitation Unsaturated Zone Water Table Sand & Gravel Aquifer Private Well
1.
Bedrock
2.
Septic Tank Manure Storage
5. 3. 4. Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-19
What are the Pathways by Which Manure Contaminates Water?
Precipitation Unsaturated Zone Septic Tank Manure Storage Water Table Sand & Gravel Aquifer Private Well Bedrock
1. Surface runoff 2. 5. 3. 4. Logo 1 Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-20
What are the Pathways by Which Manure Contaminates Water?
Precipitation Unsaturated Zone Water Table Sand & Gravel Aquifer Private Well Septic Tank Manure Storage
2
Bedrock
1. Surface runoff 2. Leaching to groundwater 5. 2 3. 4. Logo 1 Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2 1-21
What are the Pathways by Which Manure Contaminates Water?
Precipitation Unsaturated Zone Water Table Sand & Gravel Aquifer
3
Private Well Septic Tank
2
Bedrock
1. Surface runoff 2. Leaching to groundwater 5.
Manure Storage
2 1 3. Well casings 4. Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2 1-22
What are the Pathways by Which Manure Contaminates Water?
Precipitation
4
Unsaturated Zone Water Table Sand & Gravel Aquifer
3
Private Well Bedrock
1. Surface runoff 2. Leaching to groundwater 5.
Septic Tank
2
Manure Storage
2 1 3. Well casings 4. Ammonia deposition Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2 1-23
What are the Pathways by Which Manure Contaminates Water?
Precipitation
4 5
Unsaturated Zone Water Table Sand & Gravel Aquifer
3
Private Well Septic Tank Manure Storage
2
Bedrock
1. Surface runoff 2. Leaching to groundwater 5. Macropore flow 2 1 3. Well casings 4. Ammonia deposition 2 Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-24
Why the Focus on Nutrients?
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Water Quality Contaminants in Manure
Possible Pollutants Environmental Risk
What are the top five components of manure that may cause water quality problems?
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Water Quality Contaminants in Manure (continued)
Possible Pollutants Environmental Risk
1. Nitrate-N Health 2. Ammonia-N 3. Phosphorus
4. Pathogens 5. Organic matter
Fish kills Eutrophication
Health Oxygen depletion Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-27
Manure P vs. Cropland P Use
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Manure P vs. Cropland P Use
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Manure P vs. Cropland P Use
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What is “Whole Farm” Nutrient Balance?
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Nutrient Flows on Livestock Operations
Logo
Farm
Boundary Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-32
Nutrient Inputs
Inputs Feed Animals Irrigation Water Fertilizer Legume N
Farm
Boundary Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-33
Managed Nutrient Outputs
Managed Outputs Inputs Meat & Eggs Crops Manure
Farm
Boundary Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-34
Recycling Of Nutrients
Inputs Feed Manure Managed Outputs
Farm
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Losses and Soil Storage
Inputs Managed Outputs Logo
Farm
Boundary Losses or Soil Storage Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-36
Water in 1 gal.
Are Inputs and Outputs in Balance?
Water out 1 gal.
Farm Pond Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-37
Water in
Are Inputs and Outputs in Balance?
Water 2 gal.
out 1 gal.
Farm Pond Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-38
Water in 2 gal.
Are Inputs and Outputs in Balance?
Water out 1 gal .
Farm Pond Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-39
Water in
Are Inputs and Outputs in Balance?
2 gal.
Water out 1 gal.
1 gal.
Farm Pond Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-40
What are Typical Nutrient Balances?
Ideally, should be near 1:1; whatever comes in should leave as managed outputs.
Most livestock operations have much higher ratios, at times up to 8:1.
Farm size is not a good indicator of nutrient balance.
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Are Nutrients "Out Of Balance" on My Animal Feeding Operation?
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Indicators of Nutrient Imbalance Yes No
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
Indicator
Soil P increasing with time?
Majority of feed protein and P comes from off-farm sources?
Feed rations exceed NRC or university recommendations?
No nutrient management plan for manure?
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What are Appropriate Strategies for Managing Nutrient Imbalances?
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“Plug the Leaks” Approach:
Does this correct a nutrient Imbalance ?
Losses Logo
Farm
Boundary Losses or Soil Storage Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-45
“Plug the Leaks” Approach:
Does this correct a nutrient imbalance ?
Losses
NO
Farm
Boundary Losses or Soil Storage Certified Nutrient Management Planning Logo 1-46
Water in
Plugging the Leaks . . .
Temporary Solution to Imbalance
2 gal.
Sand Bags Farm Pond Water out 1 gal.
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Sustainable Strategy No.1: Credit Manure Nutrients in Crops
Efficient use of manure nutrients means not purchasing fertilizer unless it is needed.
Nutrient management plans (NMPs) should help ensure this strategy is met.
Don’t purchase inputs you don’t need.
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Sustainable Strategy No. 2: Reducing Feed Inputs
Reducing nutrients fed improves nutrient balance.
Try to avoid feeding more N and P than recommended.
Much current research on improved feeding strategies Consult with animal scientist.
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Sustainable Strategy No. 3: Move Manure Nutrients Off Farm
Moving manure off the farm as a product improves nutrient balance.
May require changes in treatment and marketing Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-50
Sustainable Strategy No. 3: Move Manure Nutrients Off Farm (Continued)
Potential markets: Compost for organic producers and homeowners Erosion control Energy production Value-added fertilizer Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-51
Sustainable Strategy No. 4: Manure Treatment
Changes in treatment methods can improve nutrient balance but con vert high impact losses to lower impact losses.
Treatment lagoons, com posting, constructed wet lands, and other methods can reduce N available for land application.
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Sustainable Strategy No. 4: Manure Treatment (continued)
Solids separation can reduce P in liquid waste streams.
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Managing Nutrients with NMPs
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What is an NMP?
NRCS has guidance on comprehensive nutrient management plans (CNMP).
EPA requires NMPs on large farms.
These are similar plans but have slightly different goals. Your state regulations should distinguish your requirements.
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What is an NMP? (continued)
Environmental “Operating Plan” for AFO Nutrient plan for “Whole Farm” Environmental record keeping system EPA requires 5 components 1. Manure handling and storage 2. Land application 3. Site management 4. Record keeping 5. Other utilization
Air Quality Issues
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Associated with Animal Production
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Air Emissions from Livestock and Poultry Production
Volatile compounds (160+ gases) Airborne micro organisms Dust (carrier of odors and micro organisms) Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-58
Impacts of Odors
Multiple gases contribute to odor.
Volatile fatty acids Nitrogen-containing compounds (ammonia, amines, N heterocycles) Phenols and cresols Sulfur-containing compounds Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-59
Impacts of Odors (continued)
Community nuisance Psychological impact on neighbors (anger, depression, etc.) Physiological impact on neighbors (respiratory problems, nausea, etc.) Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-60
Air Emissions–Hydrogen Sulfide
Toxic at high levels (workplace limits set at 10 ppm) Possible chronic health impact from low, long-term exposure (Some states limit property line levels to 0.05 to 0.1 ppm.) Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-61
Air Emissions–Methane and Carbon Dioxide
End products of anaerobic and aerobic decomposition of manure Contributors to greenhouse gas effect Net increase in greenhouse gas is probably negligible; manure is part of the carbon cycle.
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Air Emissions–Ammonia
Large quantities of ammonia are released in many livestock systems.
Ammonia is re-deposited.
In U.S., largest negative impact is eutrophication of coastal waters.
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Federal Regulations
EPA regulates concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) as part of the Clean Water Act of 1972 under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).
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Federal Regulations (continued)
The EPA requires states to meet their rules or lose the ability to permit anything under NPDES. States may be more stringent.
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Definitions
Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) are agricultural enterprises where animals are kept and raised in confined situations without vegetation more than 45 days . Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-66
Definitions (continued)
AFOs congregate animals, feed, manure and urine, dead animals, and production operations on a small land area. Feed is brought to the animals.
The Federal approach is designed to target large CAFOs.
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Animal Type
Cattle and heifers Veal calves Dairy cattle Swine >55 lbs Swine Turkeys Chickens (liquid manure) Chickens (dry manure) Laying hens (Dry) Horses Logo
# of Animals Equal to a CAFO Large
1,000 1,000
Medium
300 300 700 2,500 200 750 10,000 55,000 30,000 3,000 16,500 9,000 125,000 82,000 500 37,500 25,000 150 Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-68
EPA Requirements for CAFOs
Apply for NPDES permit No discharge to waters of the United States except in extreme events Must develop and implement nutrient management plans to address N and P Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-69
EPA Requirements for CAFOs (continued)
Soil and manure testing Buffers/setbacks to water Record keeping and annual report Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-70
Minimum Standards to Protect Water Quality in NPDES Permits for CAFOs 1.
Buffers or equivalent practices 2. Divert clean water 3. Prevent direct contact of animals with the waters of the United States 4. Animal mortality 5. Chemical disposal Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-71
Minimum Standards to Protect Water Quality in NPDES Permits for CAFOs (continued) 6.
Proper operation and maintenance 7. Record keeping and testing 8. Maintain proper storage capacity 9. Rates and timing of land application of manure and waste water
www.epa.gov/ost/guide/cafo/rule.html
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Record Keeping Required:
EPA requires annual reports Number of animals Manure generated Manure transported Number of acres land applied Acres in NMP Any discharges Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-73
Agencies That Regulate Environmental Issues for Animal Production
Federal
U.S. EPA (regional office contact information)
State
(Agency Name) (contact information) Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-74
Agencies That Regulate Environmental Issues for Animal Production (continued)
County
(Agency Name) (contact information) Logo Certified Nutrient Management Planning 1-75
Permit Requirements for Livestock and Poultry Producers
Federal
Yes, NPDES permit is required of all open lot systems only. Proposed change to include all livestock and poultry systems.
State County (Fill in information specific to your state.) (Fill in information specific to your county.)
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Take Home Message
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Take Home Message
The EPA lists agriculture as the leading impairment to rivers and streams.
Risk of manure components to water and air is real.
Manure can be a benefit or liability depending on how it is managed.
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Take Home Message (continued)
Seven principles of environmental stewardship should guide livestock and poultry producers.
Point vs. nonpoint source pollution, runoff, and erosion are nonpoint sources.
Nutrients, pathogens, and organic matter in manure can impact water quality.
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Take Home Message (continued)
Pathogens are disease-causing organisms.
Excess nutrients can cause fish kills, health problems, or algal blooms.
An NMP helps you manage nutrients.
Increases in soil P indicate excess nutrients.
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Take Home Message (continued)
Many AFOs exhibit nutrient imbalance.
Strategies for improving nutrient balance include more efficient use of manure nutrients, improved feeding programs, marketing manure off the farm, and changing the treatment method.
All operations are subject to the Clean Water Act and cannot discharge manure.
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Take Home Message (continued)
EPA requires large CAFOs to get NPDES and comply with certain Federal standards.
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Thank you
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Sources of N and P To Watersheds in Northeast U.S.
(1995 GAO report to U.S. Congress) 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Atmos Fertilizer Manure Point phere Source Nitrogen Phosphorus
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80% 60% 40% 20% Sources of N and P To Watersheds in Western U.S.
(1995 GAO report to U.S. Congress) 0% Atmos Fertilizer Manure Point phere Source Nitrogen Phosphorus
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Sources of N and P To Watersheds in Southern U.S.
(1995 GAO report to U.S. Congress) 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Atmos Fertilizer Manure Point phere Source Nitrogen Phosphorus
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