Transcript Capturing Flexibility and Insecurity Through Statistics Azfar Khan, ILO Socio-Economic Security Programme Instruments 1.

Capturing Flexibility and
Insecurity Through Statistics
Azfar Khan, ILO
Socio-Economic Security Programme
Instruments
1. Enterprise Labour Flexibility and
Security Surveys (ELFS)
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Establishment level
2. People Security Surveys (PSS)
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Individual level
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Flexibility and Security Structure
Indirect Employment
Direct Employment
Regular Full-time
Casual Temporary
Regular Part-time
Contract Labour
Probationary
Sub-contracting
Home Workers
Differential Relations
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Flexibility and Security Structure
Differential Relations
Wages
Job Security
Benefits
Skill Reproduction
Security
Income Security
Employment Security
Representation
Security
Work Security
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Institutional Considerations
 A reorientation of regulatory systems
– greater emphasis on individual freedom and
less on collective action or protection
 Technological change
– accelerating changes in production techniques
– making multi-site production possible
– making decentralization and out-sourcing more
feasible and profitable
– more options for labour arrangements,
payment systems, etc.
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Perceived Considerations
 Global informalization of economic activity,
involving a spread of forms of labour and
work not covered by protective regulatory
and social protection systems.
 Global growth of flexible production and
labour markets, linked in part to the
technological change and globalization, and
involving the following:
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Perceived Considerations
1. Organizational flexibility

more turnover of firms, more use of subcontracting and production chains, and a tendency
to contract the employment function;
2. Numerical flexibility
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more use of external labour, such as contract
workers, outworkers, homeworkers, agency labour,
temporary workers, and teleworkers;
3. Functional flexibility
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greater change in work tasks, job rotation, and skill;
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Perceived Considerations
4. Working time flexibility
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more continuous working, flexible hours, etc.;
5. Wage system flexibility
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a shift from fixed to flexible wages, monetization of
remuneration, greater use of bonuses, etc.;
6. Labour force flexibility
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less attachment to sectors, companies or
occupational groups, erosion of collective labour,
and greater tendency for workers to move in and
out of the labour market and labour force.
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The Enterprise Labour Market
Applicants
Sub-contracting
Contract Labour
Vacancies
Employment
Service
Direct Employment
Casual Labour
Home Workers
Recruitment
Probation
Initial training
Training
Retraining
Turnover
Upgrading
Job Structure
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Labour Market Security
PSS:
 Main work activity (by time spent)
 Work status
– Working for wages

Regular/casual employment
– Contract labour
– Own account worker
 Primary or secondary activity
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Measuring Social Income
SI = W + EB + SB + PB + CB
where
W:
EB:
SB:
PB:
CB:
the money wage and/or money income received from
different types of economic activities
the total value of benefits provided by the enterprise as
non-wage benefits and insurance type supports
the total value of benefits provided by the state, which are
taken to include citizenship benefits, insurance based
income transfers and discretionary ‘means-tested’
transfers
total value of benefits accruing from private income,
either through investments, ownership of assets and
privately contracted social protection
the benefits accruing through a reliance on traditional
communal and family support systems
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Wage Flexibility Loop
Remuneration
In-kind pay
Tariff
Fixed wage
Collective bargain
Bonus
Arrears
(Incentives, Profit share, Benefits)
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Wage Flexibility Loop
Remuneration (cont’d)
Incentives
Profit share
Monetary
Non-monetary
Type, change
Entitlement
Benefits
Form
% of pay
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Income Security
PSS:
 Regularity of income
 Form of remuneration
– Main method of payment (wage based, piece
rate, job based)
– Benefits (health care, maternity benefits,
redundancy payments, pension entitlements,
disability benefits, subsidies for schooling, etc.)
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Employment Security
ELFS:
 Labour turnover
 Changes in employment structure
(regular vs. non-regular)
PSS:
 Period of unemployment
 Terms of employment termination
 Severance payment
 Provision of other entitlements
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Work Security
ELFS:
 Number of work-related accidents,
working time lost, etc.
 Committee/department to protect
workers
PSS:
 OSH conditions, workplace hazards
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Skill Reproduction Security
ELFS:
 Providing initial training, retraining,
training to upgrade
 Forms of training
 Subsidizing training institute
PSS:
 Access to training for regular and nonregular workers (especially for informal
workers)
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ELFS and PSS Carried Out
Albania
Argentina
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Brazil
Bulgaria
Chile
China
Ethiopia
Georgia
Ghana
Hungary
India
Indonesia
ELFS PSS
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ELFS PSS
Kazakhstan
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Kyrgyzia
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Malaysia
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Mexico
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Moldova
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Pakistan
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Philippines
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Russia
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Slovakia
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South Africa
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Tanzania
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Thailand
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Ukraine
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Total
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Discerned Results
 Labour Market Insecurity has grown almost
globally, with much higher unemployment,
slower rates of employment growth and
higher labour slack.
 Employment Insecurity is high and rising,
with growing proportions of those in the
labour force having insecure employment
statuses and with more workers lacking
employment protection.
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Discerned Results
 Work Insecurity has become greater, due to
more people being in work statuses without
coverage by protective institutions and
regulations.
 Job Insecurity has worsened, with more
workers having to switch jobs and learn new
tricks of working.
 Skill Reproduction Insecurity is considerable
with flexibility, in part because skills become
obsolescent more quickly and because few
workers are receiving career skills.
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