Transcript The Evolving Mind Why Do We Say Nature and Nurture Are Intertwined? What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? What Is the Field of.

The Evolving
Mind
Why Do We Say Nature and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution Influence Behavior?
Why Do We Say
Nature and Nurture
Are Intertwined?
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Analyze the roles of genes as the building blocks of human “nature,”
distinguishing among genotypes, gene expression, and phenotypes.
© kali9/iStockphoto
© lambada/iStockphoto
© 2005 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.
Nature and Nurture
Nurture:
Nature: Contributions
Contributions of
of
Learning
Genetic
andInheritance
Environment
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
What Are the
Building Blocks
of Behavior?
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L08
Analyze the roles of genes as the building blocks of human “nature,”
distinguishing among genotypes, gene expression, and phenotypes.
Explain how sexual reproduction increases genetic variation among
individuals within a population, even among members of the same family.
Genes:
The Building Blocks of Nature
© ISM/Phototake
Every cell in the body carries the
full set of DNA needed to provide
the “blueprint” for a person.
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
Genotypes and Phenotypes
© Iculig/Shutterstock
© ISM/Phototake
Genotype
Protein
© lambada/iStockphoto
Phenotype
Gene expression
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
Alleles:
Individual Differences in Genes
© IngramPublishing/iStockphoto
One allele of the hemoglobin molecule
leads to a change in the shape of red
blood cells, known as “sickle cells.”
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
Illustration: © Cengage Learning 2013; Photo:
© Huntstock.com/Shutterstock
Homozygous vs.
Heterozygous Gene Pairs
Father’s allele
Mother’s allele
Curly (C)
Straight (c)
Curly (C)
CC (homozygous curly)
Cc (heterozygous curly)
Straight (c)
Cc (heterozygous curly)
cc (homozygous straight)
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
Sexual Reproduction
and Genetic Variation
© zentilia/iStockphoto
The genotype of each
child is created by
something like a lottery.
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
What Is the Field of
Behavioral Genetics?
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Assess the importance of heritability estimates and epigenetic analyses
in the field of behavioral genetics.
Heritability of Behavioral Traits
Heritability:
Variability due
Proportion
of population
to genetic variability
differences/
in some
Total
variability
characteristic
in the population
that can be
explained in terms of genetic variability
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
Epigenetics
© digital skillet/iStockphoto
Healthy experiences with
loving caregivers can help
offset the expression of
stress hormone genes.
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
How Does
Evolution Occur?
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Analyze the roles played by mutation, natural selection, migration, and
genetic drift as mechanisms of evolution.
Articulate the proposal that the human brain is an adaptation, and
summarize the evidence supporting this proposal.
Example: Hemoglobin in Tibetans
© PavelSvoboda/Shutterstock
Tibetans have lower
hemoglobin levels which
prevent altitude sickness.
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
© kornilov007/Shutterstock
Mutation
Sometimes an error takes
place when genes are copied.
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
Natural Selection
© JoyfulThailand/Photos.com
The effect of a mutation
depends on the
environment; the
hemoglobin mutation
was beneficial for
people at high altitudes.
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
Migration and Genetic Drift
© Bruce Yeung/Shutterstock
People with the hemoglobinreducing allele were more likely to
move to higher altitudes in Tibet.
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
Adaptation
© Bruce Yeung/Shutterstock
An ‘adaptation’ is a genebased characteristic held
by most individuals (in a
species or distinct group)
due to natural selection.
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
© E. R. Degginger/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Is the Human Brain an Adaptation?
Homo sapiens
100,000-200,000
years ago
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
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Evaluate the proposal that altruism is an adaptation, considering the
various ways one can benefit by helping another.
Explain the mechanisms by which intrasexual and intersexual selection
might influence the evolution of human behavior.
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Explain and illustrate the epigenetic and cultural mechanisms by which
nature and nurture can interact to influence human behavior.
Behaviors as Adaptations
© Mark Bridger/Shutterstock
Imprinting is adaptive, it
helps young geese stay
close to their parents.
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
Altruism as Adaptation?
© Scott Betts/Photos.com
Altruism is sacrificing
one’s own self in order
to help another person.
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
Inclusive Fitness and
Reciprocal Altruism
Inclusive Fitness
© Gherasim Rares/Shutterstock
Reciprocal Altruism
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
© Tony Campbell/iStockphoto
© Anthony Mayatt/iStockphoto
Sexual Selection
Intersexual
Selection
© Stockbyte/Photos.com
Intrasexual
Selection
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?
Waorani: Constant fighting
Most aggressive men have
more offspring
© Wave Royalty Free/Alamy
© Francois Ancellet/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
Culture and
Nature-Nurture Interactions
Yanomamo: Peace between raids
Most aggressive men have
fewer offspring
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Why Do We Say Nature
and Nurture Are Intertwined?
What Are the Building
Blocks of Behavior?
What Is the Field
of Behavioral Genetics?
How Does Evolution Occur?
How Does Evolution
Influence Behavior?