Cell Structure and Function

Chapter 7 http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/cell.gif

Vocab Review

Process in which cells change and develop into different kinds of cells doing different jobs Differentiation OR cell specialization Idea that all living things are made of Cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced by existing cells Cell theory

Collection of living material enclosed by a barrier that separates it from its surroundings; the basic unit of life cell Log-like structures that pull the chromosomes apart during cell division in animal cells centrioles

Sac of digestive enzymes used by cells to break down food, cell parts, or whole cells lysosomes Membrane stacks found inside chloroplasts where the enzymes for photosynthesis are found thylakoids

Control center of the cell that contains the genetic material nucleus Stack of membranes in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the ER for transport Golgi body (apparatus)

DNA with attached proteins found spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells chromatin Describes molecules that try to stay away from water… means “water fearing” hydrophobic

Nucleotide molecules used by cells to store and transfer energy ATP Membrane protein with sugars attached that help cells identify “self” glycoproteins

DNA with proteins attached that is scrunched up into compact bodies in the nucleus of dividing cells chromosomes Molecule with a polar head and two hydrophobic tails used to make cell membranes phospholipid

Space used to store water, food, molecules, enzymes, or waste vacuole Many, small hair-like structures made of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement that extend from the surface of cells and help in movement cilia

Dark spot in the cell nucleus where RNA for ribosomes is made Nucleolus Network of microtubules and microfilaments that give the cell shape and support it cytoskeleton

Organism whose cells have a nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes eukaryote Gel-like material and the organelles found between the nucleus and cell membrane cytoplasm

Double membrane that surrounds the cell nucleus Nuclear envelope OR nuclear membrane Small particles that make proteins ribosomes

Membrane system without ribosomes attached involved in lipid synthesis, calcium regulation, and the break down of toxins Smooth ER Power plant of the cell that burns glucose and stores the energy released in ATP mitochondria

Folded inner membrane inside a mitochondrion cristae System of membranes with ribosomes attached where proteins are produced and modified Rough ER

Organelle where photosynthesis happens chloroplast Bilayer made of phospholipids and proteins which surrounds all cells and controls what enters and leaves Cell membrane

Double layer formed when phospholipids line up with their hydrophillic heads to the outside and their hydrophobic tails toward the center bilayer Molecule with an uneven pattern of charges… slightly positive on one side, slightly negative on the other polar

Small structure inside eukaryotic cells which carries out a specific function organelle Unicellular organism that does NOT have a nucleus and or organelles surrounded by membranes prokaryote

A living thing composed of many organ systems

organism Structure found outside the cell membrane that provides support and protection Cell wall

Polysaccharide found in plant cell walls that makes them sturdy cellulose Molecule made by joining amino acid subunits that is used to make cell membranes protein

Molecule used to build bacterial cell walls instead of cellulose peptidoglycan Programmed cell death; “cell suicide” apoptosis

A few, long hair-like structures made of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement that extend from the surface of cells and help in movement flagella Small openings in the nuclear membrane that allow molecules to pass through Nuclear pores

A group of similar cells working together tissue Organism made of many cells multi-cellular

Group of different organs working together organ system Protein found in cell membranes which helps molecules get across the membrane Carrier protein