Transcript The underpinning and crosscutting role and responsibilities of the Instrument and Methods of Observation Programme and CIMO in the context of WIGOS Dr.

The underpinning and crosscutting role and
responsibilities of the
Instrument and Methods of Observation Programme
and
CIMO
in the context of
WIGOS
Dr. J. Nash
President of CIMO
TECO-2008, St Petersburg, 27-29
November
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CIMO Mission
To
promote
and
facilitate
international standardisation and
compatibility of meteorological
observing systems used by
Members within the WMO Global
Observing System to improve
quality of products and services of
Members.
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Aim of CIMO intercomparisons
•
•
To improve the quality and costeffectiveness of surface based and upper
air observing systems by exploiting existing
national tests and performing global
intercomparisons;
To provide recommendations on system
performance,
improvements
of
instruments and methods of observation,
suitable working references to WMO
Members and instrument manufacturers.
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CIMO Strategy
• Support initiatives which by coordinating collective
actions by Members with respect to observing
systems produce results that exceed what each
Member could produce unilaterally to meet their
critical needs;
• Support capacity building in developing and least
developed countries to close the gap between them
and the developed countries;
• Support development of new observing equipment,
critical to Member’s needs, collaborating with
members of HMEI , the scientific community and
other developers to facilitate a production of reliable
instruments that are adequately tested before use.
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Witness of
earlier
CIMO
activities in
Brazil
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Testing problems with early GPS radiosondes, 2001,
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Brazilian staff advised by CIMO experts
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Preparing for the
Future, 2007
In China
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Mauritius ,2005
Mauritius staff trained
by WMO experts
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Systematic differences in nighttime temperature
referenced to the average of Graw, Meisei, Sippican, SRS-adjusted and Vaisala
WMO High Quality Radiosonde Comparison Test, Mauritius 2005
35
30
Height [km]
25
20
15
10
5
0
-2.50
Vaisala RS92
SRS
Meisei
Modem
Sippican
Graw
3 Therm
SRS-adj
-2.00
-1.50
-1.00
-0.50
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
Temperature difference [K]
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Laboratory Intercomparison of
Rainfall Intensity (RI) Gauges
(De Bilt-Genova-Trappes, Sep04-Sep05)
Unique results achieved and
published
• Error characteristics of 19 RI gauges
• A standardized procedure for laboratory
calibration of catchment type rain gauges
• Reference for the field tests/comparisons
• Guidelines for improving the homogeneity
of rainfall time series of high intensity
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LABORATORY SIMULATION
OF INTERMITTENT RAINFALL
(Varying duration, same intensity,1-min resol.)
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Training in methods of
observation, Tanzania
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Advanced radiosonde Training
for GCOS, Region III,
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Key Challenges
• Improving sustainability of observing
systems;
• Integrating remote sensing and in-situ
observing systems;
• Monitoring in severe weather/climate
conditions;
• Improving Weather radar calibration and
evaluation of algorithms (QPF);
• Development of technical expertise.
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Expected Results, Key Performance Targets for
CIMO [1]
• Work of CIMO between 2007 and 2011 is expected to
contribute to the WMO strategic expected result of :-
The Integration of WMO Observing Systems
• CIMO will still contribute to other strategic expected
results, but will not receive direct funding for this.
– Enhanced capabilities of NMHS in developing countries,
particularly least developed countries , to fulfil their mandates
– Enhanced capabilities of Members in multi-hazard early warning
and disaster prevention and preparedness.
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WMO Integrated Global Observing System
Branch
includes Observing Systems Division,
Space Programme Office,
GCOS Joint Planning Office,
WIGOS Planning Office
• Observing systems Division [OSD] includes:• WWW Global Observing Systems Programme
• Instruments and Methods of Observation Programme
• Marine and Oceanographic observations, data management
and information
• Aeronautical observations
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WIGOS
a chance to work together to improve the
global observing systems
so integration activities should result in
improved partnerships,
e.g. between research and operations
Needs to be a plan of actions or mechanisms to
ensure actions occur, more than just excellent
paperwork.
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WIGOS
• WIGOS will benefit society through enhanced
availability and integration of global weather, climate
and water observations contributed by constituent
systems.
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WIGOS
An observing system for atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial
(including hydrological and cryospheric) domains
A system that improves WMO observation management and
management structures and also encourages broadening of
governance frameworks (e.g. inter-agency co-sponsorship of
systems), with other scientific research or environmental
institutions.
Increased interoperability between the various systems with
particular attention given to complementarity between the spacebased and insitu components;
To ensure that in broader governance frameworks, WMO
relationships with other international entities are respected,
sustained and strengthened.
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The benefits expected from WIGOS for the users of
observations are:-
• Improved observation services;
• Increased quality and access to observations
• More efficient use of resources in managing
observing systems
• Better preparedness to incorporate new observing
systems and to interface with non-WMO systems.
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WIGOS Integration Areas
• Three key areas where standards will be
applied:– Measurements and observations, must ensure
component observing systems are functioning correctly and
reporting observations in accordance with the known sampling
and error characteristics for that type if system
– Data exchange, discovery, access and retrieval
[ standards imposed by the use of WIS]
– End-product quality management, Quality monitoring
needs to be associated with organised feedback to improve
identified problems with observing systems
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Active management of quality
Measurement standards,
Technical and methods
of observation
GOS
Data exchange and
Discovery, Access and
Retrieval standards
Suitable for both real
time and research
applications
GCOS
GOOS
WIS
GTOS
QMF standards
applied in NWP
centres or dedicated
Archiving centres
Interoperable
Products
to be accessed
through WIS
for
Weather,
Climate
And Water
For
Analysis,
Forecast
And warnings
GAW
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Users
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How to transform the concept into an action
plan?
• Different types of observing system require different
approaches, e.g. satellites or ground based observing
systems
• CIMO activities fundamental to 1st and third areas and
in contributing information to the Metadata for the
second area
• Documentation required so that users know how to
link surface and space based observations to produce
interoperable products for each meteorological
variable.
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Example of the upper wind network
• Only functions well if a variety of systems are used together.
• In these examples two insitu systems radiosondes and aircraft
take snapshots over a specified path for a short time. The
characteristic errors of these two types of measurements are
different, although often of similar magnitude. The atypical errors
that occasionally occur are quite different for the two systems.
• Wind profiler winds are often integrated for 30 minutes over a
cross section of avout 1km at 2 km,and 5 km at 10 km.
• Weather radar winds are derived around a cone of wider
crosssection, e.g. 7.5 km at 2 km and 5 km at 20 km, and will be
usually sampled over a much shorter time period than the wind
profiler winds.
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1km for 12.00 on 06 September 2008
Aircraft winds do not always
Agree with collocated aircraft
winds, given real atmospheric variability
Weather radar winds only where it is raining
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5 km for 12.00 on 06 September 2008
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5 km for 12.00 on 06 September 2008
Aircraft winds dominate, but there
are very few aircraft in the middle of the night
In Europe
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Lower and middle troposphere. Satellite winds from tracking cloud and water vapour structure.
Sampling is for much deeper layers than the ground-based systems/aircraft.
Comparison with NWP fields is essential to eliminate false winds, before values are reported
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Upper troposphere. Satellite winds from tracking cloud and water vapour structure.
Sampling is for much deeper layers thanThe ground-based systems/aircraft.
Comparison with NWP fields is essential to eliminate false winds,
before values are reported
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Looking in more details reveals some suspicious
measurements that probably should have been quality controlled
Poor weather radar winds
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Time series of measurements also allows identification
of atypical errors
UK weather radar for 6 September 2008
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Time series of measurements also allows identification
of atypical errors
UK wind profiler for 6 September 2008
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Is this wind profiler functioning correctly
with so many missing winds between 7 and 12 km?
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This looks much better, but engineering tests have
Shown that the antenna needs renewal to some extent.
Can the satellite winds resolve the strong wind shear in the vertical
seen here?
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Errors estimated from the time series vary from week
to week, see next slide as well
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Errors estimated from the time series vary from week
to week, so scattering conditions in the atmosphere affect
the wind profiler performance. Periods of poorer performance need
to be flagged to the users, but this does not happen now.
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Some conclusions for upper winds integration
Uniformity of performance relies on:• Thorough testing of systems before large scale deployment
• System maintenance regimes that maintain the performance of
the system to the expected levels,
• quality management that is effective and can detect anomalies
and report them back to the system operators.
• In some cases, monitoring will have to be performed on the
internal functioning of the observing system as well as on the
reported products.
• Detailed evaluation of system performance from specialized tests
and from the various monitoring methods
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Underpin and crosscut in WIGOS?
• Measurement standards and quality assurance and
management are clearly areas where CIMO should
aim to underpin the integration activities.
• The crosscutting comes from the need to liaise with
experts in other Technical Commissions to deal with a
wider range of observing systems, than has currently
been addressed in CIMO activities.
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WIGOS has Pilot Projects to test improving coordination between
a variety of Technical Commissions and also at least 6 national
Demonstration Projects. The results will be used to establish
whether a full scale implementation of WIGOS will justify the
necessary investment.
CIMO needs to support all these Pilot Projects,
and suitable national Demonstration Projects.
•Integration of WWW/GOS and GAW into WIGOS
•Integration of AMDAR into WIGOS
•Elaborating the underpinning/crosscutting role and
responsibilities of the Instruments and Methods of Observation
Programme in the context of WIGOS.
•Integration of marine meteorological and other appropriate
oceanic observations into WIGOS
•Initiation of a Global Hydrological network in the context of
WIGOS
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This means CIMO should start working now towards:
•For all elements of WIGOS respond to the requirements for standardized
and compatible observations, including data content, quality and
metadata. [expansion of CIMO Guide?]
•Provide advice, studies and recommendations concerning effective and
sustainable use of instruments and methods of observations, including quality
management procedures such as methods of testing, calibration and quality
assurance.
•Conduct and /or coordinate global and regional field intercomparisons and
performance testing of instruments and methods of observation.
•Promote the development of measurement traceability to recognized
international standards, including reference instruments and effective
hierarchy of world, regional, national and lead centres for instrument
calibration, development and testing.
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This means CIMO should start working now
towards :
•Encourage research and development of new approaches in the
field of instruments and methods of observation of required
variables. [Improve liaison with the scientific research
community and with HMEI]
•Promote the appropriate and economical production and use of
instruments and methods of observation with particular
attention to the needs of developing countries.
•Promote , integration, inter-calibration, compatibility, and
interoperability between space –based and surface based (insitu
and remote sensing) observations , including conducting testbed observing experiments.
•Support training and capacity building activities in the area of
instruments and methods of observation.
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Will the future see the death of
WMO support to conventional
instrumentation or improved
Usefulness to all Members?
This is our responsibility
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Questions & answers
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Instruments and Methods of Observation
Programme and CIMO
• IMOP is to promote development , documentation, and the
worldwide standardisation of meteorological and related
geophysical and environmental instruments and instruments and
methods of observation to meet agreed user needs for data:
• To ensure the the effective and economic use of instruments and
methods of observation under varying working conditions and in
differing technical infrastructures by providing technical
standards, guidance material, performance specifications,
technology transfer and training assistance.
and CIMO is responsible
• For matters relating to international standardisation and
compatibility of instruments and methods of observation and
hence responsible for the IMOP Programme.
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A new challenge
Expected Results, Key Performance Targets for
CIMO [1]
• For activities to receive financial support in future,
WMO Members must see useful outputs from the
activities of CIMO.
• I would prefer that the usefulness of CIMO is
measured in terms of outcomes achieved.
• An expert team that does not function can no longer
be tolerated.
• Outputs must be more than useful discussions
between experts, especially if these discussions do
not represent any progress from the previous
intersessional period.
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WIGOS aims to;Address in the most cost/effective way all of the WMO Programme
observation requirements
Facilitate access in real and quasi-real time to all required information
through WIS, both for WMO Programmes and related international
Programmes and eventually to all users
Facilitate archiving of the data
Assure quality of the data, to published standards
Ensure Metadata required by the Programmes is provided through WIS
Encourage technological innovation in observing systems,
working with scientific institutions and instrument manufacturers
Work with manufacturers in testing the next generation
observation instruments
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