Transcript From remote villages to government boardrooms: some notes on efforts to leverage change using renewable energy Palang Thai Chris Greacen August 2010

From remote villages to government
boardrooms: some notes on efforts to
leverage change using renewable energy
Palang Thai
Chris Greacen
August 2010
Palang Thai พลังไท
พลัง (palang): n 1. Power. 2. Empowerment.
ไท (thai): adj. 1. Independence. 2. Self-reliance
• Thailand NGO
• Objective:
– To ensure that the transformations that occur in the
region's energy sector: augment, rather than undermine,
social and environmental justice and sustainability.
• Key approaches:
– We teach hands-on energy technology
– We draft / comment on policies
– We work to empower citizens to look critically at
government and industry projects and plans
– We advocate structural reform
Outline
• hands-on village scale
– solar electricity for medical clinics in Karen-controlled
Burma
– village micro-hydropower – Thailand
• energy politics and policy
– Very Small Power Producer (VSPP) program
• Thailand - Tanzania
– Bo Nok / Hin Krud – stopping silly big power plants
• institutional aikido
•Conflict area
•Little/no rural
electrification
•Joint effort:
•TOPS (Taiwan),
•Palang Thai (Thailand),
•SunEnergy Power
(USA)
• Green Empowerment
(USA)
Border
Green
Energy
Team
Solar
electricity
for 40
medical
clinics for
internally
displaced
inside
Burma
Up to 2 million internally displaced people in Burma
Ruggedized solar electric systems built by
medics in 3-5 day hands-on trainings
• 10 trainings (2003-2010)
• >100 medics trained
• >40 clinics
replace
LED lighting and
0.5-5W solar panels,
coupled with
microfinance energy
loans, can end
kerosene lighting
Barefoot Power is a
social enterprise
delivering such
solutions
Community
micro-hydro
(12 villages)
Micro-hydroelectricity
Source: Inversin, A. R. (1986). Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook.
Kre Khi village, Tak Province
1 kW for school, clinic, church
Cost: <$3,500
(turbine $250)
Head: 10 meters
Flow: 15 lit/sec
Laos – low head micro-hydro
Mae Wei – ‘pump as turbine’ off-grid induction
Video… Mae Wei
Border
Green
Energy
Team
Refugee
camp
trainings
So far:
Solar PV
Micro-hydro
Hydraulic ram pump
Solar cooking
7 hybrid solar/diesel systems
Biogas
Solar/diesel hybrid systems for
computer training centers in 7
refugee camps
Border
Green
Energy
Team
Maintenance &
repair trainings
for > 14,000
Thai solar home
systems
Thai government solar
home program
203,000 solar home systems
US$200 million
No maintenance plan
23% failure rate within 20 months
“The Service & Support Department is like the guy in the parade who walks behind
the elephant with a broom and a big bucket”
Thai SHS in Tak province
Rated 120 peak Watt
single crystalline PV module
Rated 150 W,
50 Hz, 230 V
Inverter /
10 A Charge
controller
FORTH
ส ภ า ว ะ ก า ร ทา ง า น
แ ผ ง พ ลั ง ง า น แ ส ง อ า ทิ ต ย์
SOLAR PRODUCT
ป ร ะ จุ แ บ ต เ ต อ รี่
โ ห ล ด / เ กิ น พิ กั ด โ ห ล ด
เ ต็ ม
ปานก ลาง
ต่า
SH-1210M
ส ภ า ว ะ แ บ ต เ ต อ รี่
เ ค รื่ อ ง ค ว บ คุ ม ก า ร ป ร ะ จุ แ บ ต เ ต อ รี่ แ ล ะ แ ป ล ง ก ร ะ แ ส ไ ฟ ฟ้ า
สา ห รั บ ร ะ บ บ พ ลั ง ง า น แ ส ง อ า ทิ ต ย์
แ บ ต เ ต อ รี่
แ ผ ง รั บ พ ลั ง ง า น
แ ส ง อ า ทิ ต ย์
ไ ฟ ฟ้ า ก ระแ ส ส ลั บ
220 โ ว ล ต์ 50 เ ฮิ รต ซ์
ส า ย ดิ น
L N
เ ปิ ด / ปิ ด
ป ลั๊ ก ไ ฟ ฟ้ า ก ร ะ แ ส ส ลั บ
220 โ ว ล ต์ 50 เ ฮิ รต ซ์
HaCo
HaCo
10A
ON
~
AC outlet
for TV or
other
appliances
3K
D EEP CY CLE
EBB 125
3K THAI STORAGE BATTERY PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED
12 V, 125 Ah deep cycle
lead-acid battery
Two 10 W
tube fluorescent lights
with electronic ballasts
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Existing linkages
Tax
payers
$
Ministry of
Interior
$
warranty
PEA
$
Installation
company
SHS
End users
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Missing linkages
Tax
payers
$
Ministry of
Interior
$
warranty
PEA
$
Installation
company
SHS
End users
What happens when systems fail?
There is no feedback loop from the end users to
installation company, PEA, government or taxpayers
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Missing linkages
Tax
payers
$
Ministry of
Interior
$
warranty
PEA
$
Installation
company
Feedback on status of
systems, failure
modes, successful
interventions
SHS
End users
Warranty
awareness
BG E T
Self-help: local technicians
+ user training
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
SHS Warranty
FORTH
ส ภ า ว ะ ก า ร ทา ง า น
แ ผ ง พ ลั ง ง า น แ ส ง อ า ทิ ต ย์
SOLAR PRODUCT
ป ร ะ จุ แ บ ต เ ต อ รี่
โ ห ล ด / เ กิ น พิ กั ด โ ห ล ด
เ ต็ ม
ปานก ลาง
ต่า
Warranty periods
–
–
–
–
–
Complete system:
Solar panel:
Charge controller/Inverter:
Battery:
Light/Ballast:
SH-1210M
ส ภ า ว ะ แ บ ต เ ต อ รี่
เ ค รื่ อ ง ค ว บ คุ ม ก า ร ป ร ะ จุ แ บ ต เ ต อ รี่ แ ล ะ แ ป ล ง ก ร ะ แ ส ไ ฟ ฟ้ า
สา ห รั บ ร ะ บ บ พ ลั ง ง า น แ ส ง อ า ทิ ต ย์
แ บ ต เ ต อ รี่
แ ผ ง รั บ พ ลั ง ง า น
ไ ฟ ฟ้ า ก ระแ ส ส ลั บ
แ ส ง อ า ทิ ต ย์ 220 โ ว ล ต์ 50 เ ฮิ รต ซ์ ส า ย ดิ น
L N
เ ปิ ด / ปิ ด
2 years
5 years
3 years
2 years
2 years
ป ลั๊ ก ไ ฟ ฟ้ า ก ร ะ แ ส ส ลั บ
220 โ ว ล ต์ 50 เ ฮิ รต ซ์
HaCo
HaCo
10A
ON
~
3K
D EEP CY CLE
EBB 125
3K THAI STORAGE BATTERY PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED
The system warranty is expiring within a few months
Very few villagers informed that there is a warranty
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
SHS Warranty
Postcards with warranty
and maintenance
information could be
distributed by Tambons
Idea presented at
meeting with DLA
(Department of Local
Administration)
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BGET on TV
Goals:

TV-broadcast
discussion of SHS
sustainability, need for
more local capacity

Inform public of
warranty
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
BGET SHS trainings in Tak province
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Observed failure modes - inverter
Failed inverter/charge
controller (~10% of all
systems surveyed).
Solartron and PEA
provided 15 replacement
inverters for the first 2
trainings
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Observed failure modes - ballast
Ballast failure ~9% of systems surveyed
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Observed failure modes –battery
battery failure in ~6% of systems surveyed
sulfated
plates
healthy, without
sulfation
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Problems found during training/surveys
Installation error: Battery failure caused by solar panel
installation in shady location
BG E T
14:00 Saw Kre Ka village, Tha Song Yang District
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Problems found during training surveys
Installation error: Bad panel locations
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Observed failure modes – (cascading component failure)
User error: bypassed controller
 battery overcharge
1.
Villager bypasses broken
controller and charges
battery directly from PV
2. Battery over-charged.
Electrolyte level drops
and plates are exposed to
air. Battery fails.
1
2
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
Observed failure modes – (cascading component failure)
User error: Controller bypass leads
to burned diode
Villager bypasses
broken controller
and charges
battery directly
from PV
2. One mistake of
reverse battery
polarity blows up
bypass diode in PV
junction box,
melting junction
box.
1
1.
2
BG E T
BORDER GREEN ENERGY TEAM
policy & planning level…
Mae Kam Pong village microhydro
Can’t we hook it up and sell power back?
Meeting between National Energy Policy Offic (NEPO) and Mae Kam
Pong villgers to discuss grid interconnection of their village micro-hydro
$
$
Technical regulations:
• Allowable voltage,
frequency, THD
variations
• Protective relays
– 1-line diagrams for all
cases:
•
•
•
•
•
Induction
Synchronous
Inverters
Single/multiple
Connecting at different
voltage levels (LV or MV)
• Communication
channels
Commercial regulations:
• Definitions of
renewable energy, and
efficient cogeneration
• Contract parties
• Cost allocation
• Principle of
standardized tariff
determination
• Invoicing and payment
arrangements
• Arbitration
+ Standardized Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
Thailand’s
Electricity Industry Structure
Generation
(% share)
SPPs
(10%)
(45%)
IPPs
(42%)
Import
(3%)
EGAT (100%)
Transmission
Distribution
EGAT
PEA
(66%)
MEA
(32%)
Users
Users
Direct Customers
(2%)
Thailand’s
Electricity Industry Structure
Generation
(% share)
SPPs
(10%)
(45%)
IPPs
(42%)
Import
(3%)
EGAT (100%)
Transmission
Distribution
EGAT
PEA
(66%)
MEA
(32%)
Users
Users
Direct Customers
(2%)
VSPPs
(<1%)
Thailand’s
Electricity Industry Structure
Firm / non-firm
Generation
(% share)
SPPs
(10%)
(45%)
IPPs
(42%)
Import
(3%)
EGAT (100%)
Transmission
Distribution
EGAT
Peak / off-peak
PEA
(66%)
MEA
(32%)
Users
Users
Direct Customers
(2%)
VSPPs
(<1%)
Evolution of Thai VSPP regulations
• 2002
– VSPP regulations drafted, approved by Cabinet
– Up to 1 MW export, renewables only
– Tariffs set at avoided cost (bulk supply tariff + FT)
Reduces air and water pollution
Biogas from
Pig Farms
Produces fertilizer
Produces electricity
8 x 70 kW generator
Ratchaburi
Biogas from Pig
Farms
Micro hydropower
•40 kW
•Mae Kam Pong, Chiang Mai,
Thailand
Korat Waste to Energy – biogas
… an early Thai VSPP project
• Uses waste water from cassava
to make methane
• Produces gas for all factory heat
(30 MW thermal) + 3 MW of
electricity
• 3 x 1 MW gas generators
Evolution of Thai VSPP regulations
• 2002
– VSPP regulations drafted, approved by Cabinet
– Up to 1 MW export, renewables only
– Tariffs set at avoided cost (bulk supply tariff + FT)
• 2006
– Up to 10 MW export, renewables + cogeneration
– Feed-in tariff “adder”
– If > 1 MW then utility only pays for 98% of energy
Rice husk-fired power plant
• 9.8 MW
• Roi Et, Thailand
Bangkok Solar 1 MW PV
• Project size: 1 MW
• Uses self-manufactured a-Si
Evolution of Thai VSPP regulations
• 2002
– VSPP regulations drafted, approved by Cabinet
– Up to 1 MW export, renewables only
– Tariffs set at avoided cost (bulk supply tariff + FT)
• 2006
– Up to 10 MW export, renewables + cogeneration
– Feed-in tariff “adder”
– If > 1 MW then utility only pays for 98% of energy
• 2009
– Tariff adder increase, more for projects that offset diesel
http://www.eppo.go.th/power/vspp-eng/ for English version of regulations, and model PPA
Thai VSPP feed-in tariffs
Fuel
Adder
Additional for Additional for Years effective
diesel offsetting 3 southern
areas
provinces
Biomass
Capacity <= 1 MW
$ 0.015
$
0.030
$
0.030
Capacity > 1 MW
$ 0.009
$
0.030
$
0.030
Biogas
<= 1 MW
$ 0.015
$
0.030
$
0.030
> 1 MW
$ 0.009
$
0.030
$
0.030
Waste (community waste, non-hazardous industrial and not organic matter)
Fermentation
Thermal process
Wind
<= 50 kW
> 50 kW
Micro-hydro
50 kW - <200 kW
<50 kW
Solar
7
7
7
7
$ 0.074
$ 0.104
$
$
0.030
0.030
$
$
0.030
0.030
7
7
$ 0.134
$ 0.104
$
$
0.045
0.045
$
$
0.045
0.045
10
10
$ 0.024
$ 0.045
$ 0.238
$
$
$
0.030
0.030
0.045
$
$
$
0.030
0.030
0.045
7
7
10
Assumes exchange rate 1 Thai baht = 0.029762 U.S. dollars
Tariff
=
Biomass tariff =
adder(s) + bulk supply tariff + FT charge
$0.009 + $0.049
+ $0.027
= $0.085/kWh
Generating Capacity supply to Grid
from 2006 - August 2009
การไฟฟ้ าส่ วนภูมภิ าค
PROVINCIAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY
MW
(31 August 2009)
Wind
350
Hydro
MSW
300
Solar
Cogeneration
www.pea.co.th
call center 1129
250
Biogas
Biomass
200
รวม
150
100
50
Year
0
2006
การไฟฟ้าส่วนภูมภิ าค
2007
2008
68
2009
VSPP project pipeline as recorded in
EPPO data
Application
under
consideration
Permission
received,
awaiting PPA
PPA signed
Leakage (Project abandoned)
Generating &
selling electricity
Jun 2009
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Biomass
Solar
Wind
Garbage
600
400
Biogas
200
Coal cogen
Natural gas cogen
0
Application
pending
Received
PPA signed
permission,
awaiting PPA
Microhydro
Generating
electricity
Thailand VSPP Status
Dec 2009
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Biomass
Solar
Wind
Garbage
600
400
Biogas
200
Coal cogen
Natural gas cogen
0
Application
pending
Received
PPA signed
permission,
awaiting PPA
Microhydro
Generating
electricity
Thailand VSPP Status
Mar 2010
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
Biomass
Solar
Wind
Garbage
600
400
Biogas
200
Coal cogen
Natural gas cogen
0
Application
pending
Received
PPA signed
permission,
awaiting PPA
Microhydro
Generating
electricity
Thailand VSPP Status
Mar 2010
2000
1800
1600
1400
811 MW online
1200
1000
800
Biomass
Solar
Wind
Garbage
600
400
Biogas
200
Coal cogen
Natural gas cogen
0
Application
pending
Received
PPA signed
permission,
awaiting PPA
Microhydro
Generating
electricity
Thailand VSPP Status
Mar 2010
PPAs signed for
additional 4159 MW
2000
1800
1600
1400
811 MW online
1200
1000
800
Biomass
Solar
Wind
Garbage
600
400
Biogas
200
Coal cogen
Natural gas cogen
0
Application
pending
Received
PPA signed
permission,
awaiting PPA
Microhydro
Generating
electricity
Thailand VSPP Status
… but it’s still a tiny part of Thailand’s electrical energy
Generation
(% share of GWh)
SPPs
(10%)
(45%)
IPPs
(42%)
Import
(3%)
EGAT (100%)
Transmission
Distribution
EGAT
PEA
(66%)
MEA
(32%)
Users
Users
Direct Customers
(2%)
VSPPs
(<1%)
Evolution of Tanzania SPP
regulations
• Approved by regulator August 2009
• Up to 10 MW export, renewables &
cogeneration
• SPP Tariffs at average of LRMC and SRMC
– Grid-connected SPP tariff (2009): $0.066/kWh
– In rural mini-grid areas offsetting diesel (2009):
$0.26/kWh
• 5 PPAs signed by March 2010
www.ewura.go.tz/sppselectricity.html for English versions of regulations, and model PPAs
Wealthy countries pay Feed-in
tariff incremental costs?
GET FiT proposed mechanism
South-south policy/technology transfer:
Technical Visit of the Delegation
from the United Republic of Tanzania to Thailand
regarding
Thailand’s Very Small Power Producer (VSPP) program
13-20 March 2010
How we have done?
การไฟฟ้ าส่ วนภูมภิ าค
PROVINCIAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY
•Document check
•Identify circuit connection
•System study
•Line connecting construction
•Meter installation
•Meter reading
•license check
•All test
www.pea.co.th
call center 1129
•PPA Check
Submitted
Proposals
Acceptance
Letter
•All license check
PPA signed
First synch.
•Meter reading
•Billing
COD
Every 1ft
VSPP will get first settlement within 3 month after COD.
การไฟฟ้าส่วนภูมภิ าค
85
Who have involved in PEA ?
การไฟฟ้ าส่ วนภูมภิ าค
PROVINCIAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY
System
Operation Div.
Research Div.
•First synch. test
•PQ test
•Identify circuit connection
•Control & Operation
•Communication
Relay Div.
call center 1129
•Switchgear &
Relay test
Meter Div.
DG office
• Technical & System Analysis
• Document
• Coordinator
•Meter installation
Area Office 1-12
& Local Office
•Line connecting construction
•Meter reading
Legal Div.
www.pea.co.th
•PPA check
Tariff Div.
•Billing
Finance Dep.
•Settlement
การไฟฟ้าส่วนภูมภิ าค
System Operation Area
Office 1-12
86
VSPP
Vietnam?
Tanzania
Thailand
Philippines?
Winter 2010-11 … community built,
community-owned, profitable VSPP
micro-hydro in Thailand
Siam Paragon
Unlimited living?
http://www.soho-properties.com/condobangkok-leraffine31/
Electricity production
and consumption
(GWh)
Source: MEA, EGAT, Searin, Graphic: Green World Foundation
Impacts of Pak
Mun Dam alone
Loss of 116
fish species (44%)
Fishery yield
down 80%
Pak Mun
Loss of livelihood
for >6200 families
Dams
Siam Paragon
1700 families
relocated
Malls
Mae
Hong
Song
65
Province
Bonok-Ban Krud story
Bonok Bankrud
Power Demand: Projections vs. Actual 1992 - 2008
MW
48,000
44,000
40,000
36,000
32,000
28,000
24,000
มิ.ย.-93
ธ.ค.-94
ต.ค.-95
เม.ย.-96
ต.ค.-96
มิ.ย.-97
ก.ย.-97
Sep-98(MER)
ก.พ.-01
ส.ค.-02
Jan-04(LEG)
Jan-04(MEG)
Apr-06 (MEG)
มี.ค.-07
ACTUAL
ธ.ค.-08
20,000
16,000
12,000
8,000
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Linear versus exponential extrapolation
50000
24 power plants
45000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
2007 Forecast
Historic peak demand trend
2021
2019
2017
2015
2013
2011
2009
2007
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
0
1985
Peak demand (MW)
40000
Fuel mix in power generation power
development
plan
2007
GWh
Import
Nuke
RE
Gas
Coal
Lignite
Hydro
Thai – Pacific Northwest power
planning exchange
Leveraging change
Activity
Leverage
Medical clinic PV in Burma
•40 clinics serve 100,000+
•“It’s hard to do amputations with a
flashlight”
Micro-hydro
* inexpensive(<$2per W)
•Intuitive & local
Refugee camp trainings
* If peace comes and repatriation can
happen, refugees are returning to a
‘blank slate’
VSPP
* Renewables becomes viable gridconnected business.
* “Power plant” redefined.
Power sector planning reform
•Transparency
•Accountability
•public participation
•End to “too much generation capacity”
and “wrong kinds”.
Principles
• Commit
• Be flexible and open to opportunities for
equilibrium-shifting change
• Take time for reflection… stay real
• Document and release
• “Many hands make light work”
For more information
Chom and Chris Greacen
Palang Thai
[email protected]
[email protected]
Skype: chrisgreacen
www.palangthai.org