Transcript Slide 1
Connecting small renewable energy generators to the grid in Thailand: case studies & technical requirements Renewable Energy Forum Thursday, 28 October 2004 BITEC Bangna, Bangkok Chris Greacen Palang Thai www.palangthai.org Outline • Very Small Power Producer (VSPP) examples – Solar – Wind – Biogas • Technical requirements for interconnection VSPP Grid interconnection of small scale renewable energy Reduces air and water pollution Biogas from Pig Farms Produces fertilizer Produces electricity Biogas from Pig Farms As of Jan 2004: 4 farms legally connected Potential for hundreds of farms Grid interconnection at pig farm 100 kW Wind turbine • Part of environmental training center • ReCycle Engineering, Chonburi ReCycle Engineering Community micro-hydro • Mae Kam Pong village, Chiang Mai • 40 kW • Community cooperative • Expected gross revenues: 30,000 baht/month 40 kW micro-hydro generator at Mae Kam Pong Korat Waste to Energy - biogas • Uses waste water from cassava • Removes 99% of COD • Produces gas for all factory heat + 5 MW of electricity Korat Waste to Energy - biogas • 3 x 1 MW Jenbacher gas generators Technical requirements – why? • Utility is responsible for ensuring reliable, safe electricity for customers. Safety for workers. • System designed for one-way flow of electricity. • …but should also not impose unreasonable costs or other barriers to interconnection Technical requirements – what? • Must not island • Voltage (PEA): 19.8kV – 24.2kV (nominal = 22 kV) • Frequency: 50 Hz +/- 0.5. Disconnect within 0.1 sec • Power factor: >0.85 (This list not complete.) Technical requirements – relays • • • • • • 59/27 50/51, 50N/51N 59N 67/67N 81 25 Overvoltage and undervoltage Phase & ground overcurrent Zero sequence overvoltage Directional & gnd overcurrent Over/under frequency Synchronizing check Integrated digital relay BE1-GPS100 BASLER ELECTRIC www.basler.com BECKWITH ELECTRIC www.beckwithelectric.com Typical interconnection with integrated relay Resources for VSPP www.netmeter.org • VSPP regulations (Thai) http://www.netmeter.org/th/regs/docs/VSPP_regulation.pdf • Interconnection application form http://www.netmeter.org/th/regs/docs/connection_form.pdf • Sample tariff calculations http://www.palangthai.org/en/docs/SampleTariffCalculation-new.xls For more information Contact: Tel. 02-674-2533 [email protected] www.palangthai.org Aggregate Net Metering M meter Utility’s responsibility Village’s responsibility • Village is metered as a single customer • Collection of tariffs from individual households and maintenance of local lines is the responsibility of the REE. Objectives of Power Purchase from VSPPs • To promote efficient use of domestic natural resources and reduce dependency on the use of commercial fuels • To open up an opportunity for remote areas to participate in electricity generation • To alleviate the government’s budgetary burden to invest in electricity generation and distribution systems Applications received (as of 20 Jan 2004) MEA PEA # of projects kW # of projects kW Solar PV 25 71.1 5 15.4 Biogas 1 1048 6 >750 Biomass 0 0 4 5000 Total 26 1119.1 15 >5765 Contracts signed (as of 20 Jan 2004) MEA PEA # of projects kW # of projects kW Solar PV 0 0 1 3.1 Biogas 0 0 4 ? Biomass 0 0 3 4000 Total 0 0 8 >4000 Sticking points… • Expensive interconnection requirements • VAT tax issue unresolved • Concession by Department of Energy Business, Ministry of Energy • Lack of awareness among potential customer generators Today's Central Utility Central Generation Tomorrow's Distributed Utility? Central Generation Wind Remote Loads Genset Fuel Cell Customers Customer Efficiency © Distributed Utility Associates, Used with Permission Battery PV 28