Transcript Local Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions Harriet Tregoning District of Columbia Office of Planning.

Local Contributions to
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions
Harriet Tregoning
District of Columbia Office of Planning
The Washington Metro Region: the New Eco-heros?
• The move to Green is snowballing
• Climate/Carbon is gaining currency
• Role of urbanism/settlement patterns underplayed
• Reasons to believe past behavior not a good predictor
• Concentrations of Walkable Urbanity – Communities of choice(s)
• Affinity
• Options
• Cachet
– Aggregators of benefits
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District of Columbia
Green Building Act of 2006
Public Sector
• Initially Funded in FY’08
– District or Instrumentality; New Construction, Disposition
by Lease, Schools
• Meet LEED NC or CS, Silver
– Residential (10,000+ sf)
• Green Communities Standard
Private Sector
• Beginning January 1, 2009
Non-Residential (50,000+ sf)
• Submit LEED Checklist to DCRA (at time of any
permit app.)
• Beginning January 1, 2012
–
All Non-Residential (50,000+ sf)
• Meet LEED NC or CS, Basic Certification
NAR Building, Washington DC; LEED Gold
LEED Projects in DC
• LEED Certified :
20 (6)
• LEED Registered:
204 (40)
• LEED ND Pilots:
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CO2 Emission Sources
Buildings and
transportation
account for 72% of
US CO2 emissions
21%
18%
33%
Source: EPA; INVENTORY OF U.S.
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND SINKS:
1990-2005
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Buildings alone are not the answer…
• The average US citizen takes about
1,500 daily trips a year.
Comparing Transportation and Operating Energy Use for an Office Building
– 45 percent of daily trips are taken for
shopping and errands
– 27 percent of daily trips are social and
recreational, such as visiting a friend
– 15 percent of daily trips are taken for
commuting
• Half the trips we make are less than
three miles, 40 percent are less than
two miles; 28 percent are less than one
mile ; and 13.7% are less than a half
mile. Yet 75 percent of trips of less than
one mile are made by car.
Sources: National Household Travel Survey, 1995. 2001-2002, US FHA; National Walking and
Bicycling Study, Environmental Building News, Aug 2007, Driving to Green Buildings: The
Transportation Energy Intensity of Buildings
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Attributes of a Globally Competitive City/Region
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Attributes of a Globally Competitive City/Region
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Larry Frank, University of British Columbia
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Three Policy Levers
Cleaner fuel
Less CO2 produced for each gallon.
Fuel technology.
Better fuel efficiency
More miles traveled per gallon.
Vehicle technology.
Drive less
Fewer miles traveled.
Reduce travel demand. Change behavior.
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SETTING THE STAGE
• ARLINGTON LOBBIED STRONGLY FOR AN UNDERGROUND ROUTE ALONG THE OLD
COMMERCIAL CORRIDOR VS ALONG THE MEDIAN OF FUTURE HIGHWAY
• Put up $300 million local money for preferred routes and more stations
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View of Rosslyn-Ballston Metro Corridor Development Patterns
The Capitol
M
Lower Density Zoning
M
Lower
Density
Zoning
M
M
M
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MEASURING SUCCESS
R-B CORRIDOR 1970
R-B CORRIDOR TODAY
22,000 jobs
94,000 jobs
5.5 million sf office
23.5 million sf office
7,000 housing units
24,500 housing units
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MEASURING SUCCESS
METRO RIDERSHIP (Average daily entries and exits)
1991
2004
ROSSLYN
ROSSLYN
• 13,637
• 30,663
COURT HOUSE
COURT HOUSE
• 5,561
• 14,191
CLARENDON
CLARENDON
• 2,964
• 6,848
BALLSTON
BALLSTON
• 9,482
• 22,957
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Diversifying Transportation
• Biking
Paris SmartBikes
…Coming to DC in 2008
Bike Lanes – 26 miles -- > 60
• Car Sharing
– 700+ cars in 26 DC
Neighborhoods
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Growing Cooler
•
What reduction in vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) is possible in the United
States with compact development rather than continuing urban sprawl?
•
What reduction in CO2 emissions will accompany such a reduction in
VMT?
•
What policy changes will be required to shift the dominant land
development pattern from sprawl to compact development?
•
AND DO COMMUNITIES WANT IT?
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20-40% VMT Reduction for Each
Increment of Compact Development
7-10% Reduction in Total CO2
Emissions
How do we Reduce Vehicle Travel?
•
Carrots – make options more viable
– Increase transit service / facilities
– Transit price incentives (passes, lower fares)
– Investments in pedestrian and cycling facilities – bike sharing services,
sidewalks, crosswalks, bicycle lanes/parking
– Supportive land use changes (e.g. closer destinations, mix of uses)
•
Sticks—increase costs to drive
– Taxes (gas, carbon, VMT, etc)
– Cordon Charges (London, Singapore, NYC?)
– Distance-based vehicle insurance
– Distance-based development impact fees
– Road pricing
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Proximity
2 KM
1 KM
Connectivity
Larry Frank, University of British Columbia
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Walkability
•Mixed Use
•Density
•Street Connectivity
•Amount of Retail
Census
Block
Groups
Larry Frank, University of British Columbia
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Walkscore.com
777 N. Cap = 86
Multiple Choices all
within a mile walk…
• Grocery
• Schools
• Parks
• Libraries
• Fitness
• Drugstores
• Hardware
• Clothing
• Restaurants
• Bars
• Theaters
Larry Frank, University of British Columbia
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CO2 (KG) -- mean daily per
person
12.5
North Redmond
Queen Anne
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11.5
11
10.5
10
0-4
4-7
7 - 10
10 -15
15+
Net Residential Density
(housing units per residential acre)
Source: LUTAQH final report, King County ORTP, 2005
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CO2 (KG) -- mean daily per
person
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North Redmond
Queen Anne
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11
10
9
8
0 - 0.1
0.1 - 0.2
0.2 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.4
0.4+
Intersections per acre
Source: LUTAQH final report, King County ORTP, 2005
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– Fuels
– Vehicle Technology
– Demand Reduction
• Pricing Strategies
– Pay as you drive Insurance
– Distance Based Impact Fee Systems
– Peak Hour Congestion Pricing
• Prioritize Funding for Energy Efficient Modes of Travel (transit, walk, bike)
• Make seamless linkages between walk, bike (local) and transit (regional)
• Put Wider Range of Housing Types and Prices Points in More Walkable Settings
• Bring Residential, Commercial/Retail, Office, Institutional, and Recreational Uses
Closer Together
• Tie federal transportation dollars to projects that are consistent with an
approved and enforced growth plan
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Built Environment versus
Individual Preferences
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Year
2023
2024
2025
2022
2021
2020
2018
2019
2017
2016
2015
2014
2012
2013
2011
2010
2009
2008
2006
2007
2005
2004
2003
2002
2000
2001
1999
1998
1997
1996
Thousands
People Turning 65 in Year
People Turning 65 Annually
1996-2025
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Decline in Households with Kids
Household
With Children
Without Children
Single
1960
48%
52%
13%
2000
33%
67%
26%
2025
28%
72%
28%
Source: Census for 1960 and 2000, 2025 adapted from Martha
Farnsworth Riche, How Changes in the Nation’s Age and Household
Structure Will Reshape Housing Demand in the 21st Century, HUD (2003).
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Any reason to believe behavior will change?
Residential VMT
decreased 65%
Green Transport Plan
• Solid Transit Links
• ‘Pedestrian First’ Priority
• Limited Parking
• Car Sharing
• Car Pool
BedZed (London Borough of Sutton)
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Any reason to believe behavior will change?
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