Transcript Ichthyology (Zoology 1450) Dr. Craig S. Kasper Room BHUM 111 History of Ichthyology.

Ichthyology
(Zoology 1450)
Dr. Craig S. Kasper
Room BHUM 111
History of Ichthyology
Introduction: Ichthyology the Science
History
• 384-322 B.C. Aristotle
—first scientific description of fish
(118 spp.)
Introduction: Ichthyology the Science
• 1500 Guillaume Rondelet—De Piscibus Marinum
(244 spp.)
• 1686 George Markgraf's
—Naturalis Brasilae (100 spp.)
Introduction: Ichthyology the Science
History
• 1686 John Ray & Francis Willoughby Historia Piscium (>400
spp.).
• Carolus (Karl) Linnaeus “father of taxonomy”(1670-1738)
develops binomial nomenclature (two name, genus species)
Genus
Species
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Common name: Rainbow trout
A Fish Oddity:
Peter Artedi “The father of ichthyology"—a student of
Linnaeus who identified five orders of aquatic and marine
animals (including cetaceans) and divided those into genera.
In 1732 both left Uppsala: Artedi for England, and Linnaeus for
Lapland; before parting they reciprocally bequeathed to each
other their manuscripts and books in the event of death. How
fortunate for them! In an untimely demise, Artedi got drunk
and drowned in Amsterdam canal!
Linnaeus published his manuscripts
posthumously.
“So, dead men do tell “tails”...apparently!
More History...
• 1780s Marcus Elieser Bloch—Ichthyologia as a series of volumes of
plates. Johann Gottlob Schneider pub. M. E. Blochii Systemae
Ichthyologiae (1,519 spp.)
1800s Georges Cuvier's—Regne animal distribué
d’après son organisation (key step forward for fish
classification). Cuvier also worked with his student
Achille Valenciennes to produce the 22-volume
Histoire Naturelle des Poissons (never completed)
yet 4,514 spp.
• 1800s
Albert Günther—
Catalogue of the Fishes
of the British Museum
>6,800 d (another 1,700 mentioned).
• 1859
Charles Darwin
Origin of the Species,
animals placed within a
common genus shared
ancestral lineage.
Charles Darwin, 1854
• ~1900 David Starr Jordan (greatest ichthyologist at the
time)—wrote 650 articles and books on fish.
He was also president of
Indiana and Stanford Universities.
Still more history...
• 1896-1898 B.W. Evermann—Fishes of North America described
ALL fish known in N. America and Panama at the time (4
volumes).
•
1947 Leo Berg—Russian paleoichthyologist who combined study of
fish and fossil records, Classification of Fishes, Recent and
Fossil. First introduced the concept of “iformes” to endings of
fish orders, eliminated confusion.
•
1966 Greenwood et al.—produced the first modern classification of
the majority of present day fishes.
•
1994 Balon et al.—compilation of contributions to ichthyology by
women scientists.
Resources...
• Many resources for fish information.
• Texts: Moyle and Cech 1996, Bond 1996, Bone 1994.
• Journals: Copeia, Transaction of the American Fisheries
Society, North American Journal of Fisheries
Management, Aquaculture, Journal of the World
Aquaculture Society, North American Journal of
Aquaculture, Journal of Fish Biology, Journal of
Ichthyology, etc...
• Internet: www.fishbase.org, www.aquanic.org,
www.afs.org
(You can find almost anything out there, but read CAREFULLY!!
Some stuff is still trash!)
What is a fish??
Classic definition:
-Any of numerous cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates of the
superclass Pisces, characteristically having fins, gills, and a
streamlined body and including specifically, and...
-Any of the class Osteichthyes, having a bony skeleton, and...
-Any of the class Chondrichthyes, having a cartilaginous
skeleton and including the sharks, rays, and skates.
Although this is all accurate...we will find that fish are
considerably MORE!!
Fish similarities...
•
•
•
•
•
•
Vertebrate (or chordate)
Gills
Poikilothermic
Fins
Scales
Always exceptions!
Fish Diversity
>30,000 species (spp.) of fish today
(note: fish is singular, fishes more than one spp.)
• 41% freshwater
• 58% seawater
• ~1% both (neither)
Where Do Fish Live?
• Great environmental diversity = many fish spp.
• Earth’s surface
~70% oceans, part of remaining 30% freshwater.
Fish can live three miles above sea level (15,000 feet)...
...to nearly 35,000 ft down.
Fish live in sub-zero temperatures in Antarctica...
... to hot spring water of more than 100ºF.
Water Quality
Properties of Water*
Aqueous
Terrestrial
Oxygen
0-14 mg/L
21%
Temperature
+ 10˚C
+ 40˚C
Density
Variable
Constant
-max density 4ºC
-high specific heat
-alters light penetration
Composition
Variable
Constant
“Universal solvent”gas, salts, liquids
*References: (1) Boyd, C. 1990 (2) Lawson, T.B., 1995
Q: Why is water quality
important??
A: Fish perform ALL bodily
functions in water!
•
•
•
•
•
Eat (Sleep)
Breathe
Excrete wastes
Reproduce
Take in and lose salts
Fish Shapes: Form is Function
Fish vary in morphological
cross-section drastically.
REM: Form & function
go hand in hand here.
Next time:
Systematics
Quiz 3, Chapter 2
(Helfman, Collette & Facey)
Dr. Craig S. Kasper
Aquaculture Program Manager
Hillsborough Community College
10414 E. Columbus Dr.
BHUM 111
Tampa, FL 33619-7856
Phone: 813-253-7881
FAX: 813-253-7868
Email: [email protected]
Photo: Craig S. Kasper (2003)