Transcript Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONS © Prentice Hall, 2002 1-1 Who Are Managers? Manager – someone who works with and through other people by coordinating their work.

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
TO MANAGEMENT
AND
ORGANIZATIONS
© Prentice Hall, 2002
1-1
Who Are Managers?
Manager
– someone who works with and through other
people by coordinating their work activities in
order to accomplish organizational goals
– changing nature of organizations and work has
blurred the clear lines of distinction between
managers and non-managerial employees
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Who Are Managers? (cont.)
Managerial Titles
– First-line managers - manage the work of nonmanagerial individuals who are directly involved with the
production or creation of the organization’s products
– Middle managers - all managers between the first-line
level and the top level of the organization
• manage the first-line managers
– Top managers - responsible for making organizationwide decisions and establishing the plans and goals that
affect the entire organization
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Organizational Levels
Top
Managers
Middle
Managers
First-line
Managers
Non-managerial Employees
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What Is Management?
Management
– the process of coordinating work activities so that
they are completed efficiently and effectively with
and through other people
– elements of definition
• Process - represents ongoing functions or
primary activities engaged in by managers
• Coordinating - distinguishes a managerial
position from a non-managerial one
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What is Management? (cont.)
Management (cont.)
– elements of definition
• Efficiency - getting the most output from the
least amount of inputs
–“doing things right”
–concerned with means
• Effectiveness - completing activities so that
organizational goals are attained
–“doing the right things”
–concerned with ends
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Efficiency and Effectiveness in Management
Efficiency (Means)
Effectiveness (Ends)
Resource
Usage
Goal
Attainment
Low Waste
High Attainment
Management Strives For:
Low resource waste (high efficiency)
High goal attainment (high effectiveness)
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What Do Managers Do?
Management Functions and Process
– most useful conceptualization of the manager’s job
– Planning - defining goals, establishing strategies for
achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate
and coordinate activities
– Organizing - determining what tasks are to be done, who
is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who
reports to whom, and where decisions are made
– Leading - directing and motivating all involved parties
and dealing with employee behavior issues
– Controlling - monitoring activities to ensure that they are
going as planned
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What Do Managers Do? (cont.)
Management Functions and Process (cont.)
– Management process
• set of ongoing decisions and work activities in
which managers engage as they plan, organize,
lead, and control
• managerial activities are usually done in a
continuous manner
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What Do Managers Do? (cont.)
Management Roles
– specific categories of managerial behavior
• Interpersonal - involve people and duties that
are ceremonial and symbolic in nature
• Informational - receiving, collecting, and
disseminating information
• Decisional - revolve around making choices
– emphasis that managers give to the various roles
seems to change with their organizational level
© Prentice Hall, 2002
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What Do Managers Do? (cont.)
Management Skills
– Technical - knowledge of and proficiency in a certain
specialized field
– Human - ability to work well with other people both
individually and in a group
– Conceptual - ability to think and to conceptualize about
abstract and complex situations
• see the organization as a whole
• understand the relationships among subunits
• visualize how the organization fits into its broader
environment
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EXHIBIT 1.5: SKILLS NEEDED AT DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT LEVELS
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What Do Managers Do? (cont.)
Managing Systems
– System - a set of interrelated and interdependent parts
arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole
• provides a more general and broader picture of what
managers do than the other perspectives provide
– Closed system - not influenced by and do not interact
with their environment
– Open system - dramatically interact with their
environment
• organizations - take in inputs from their environments
– transform or process inputs into outputs
– outputs are distributed into the environment
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The Organization As An Open System
Environment
System
Inputs
Raw materials
Human resources
Capital
Technology
Information
Transformation
Employee’s work
activities
Management
activities
Technology and
operations methods
Outputs
Products and services
Financial results
Information
Human results
Feedback
© Prentice Hall, 2002
Environment
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What Do Managers Do? (cont.)
Managing Systems (cont.)
– managers must
• coordinate various work activities
• ensure that interdependent parts work together
• recognize and understand the impact of various
external factors
– decisions and actions taken in one organizational
area will affect other areas and vice versa
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What Do Managers Do? (cont.)
Managing in Different and Changing Situations
– require managers to use different approaches and
techniques
– Contingency perspective - different ways of
managing are required in different organizations
and different circumstances
• stresses that there are no simplistic or universal
rules
• contingency variable
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EXHIBIT 1.8: POPULAR CONTINGENCY VARIABLES
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What Is An Organization?
Organization
– a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some
specific purpose
• elements of definition
– each organization has a distinct purpose
– each organization is composed of people
– all organizations develop some deliberate structure
– today’s organizations have adopted:
• flexible work arrangements
• open communications
• greater responsiveness to changes
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EXHIBIT 1.10: THE CHANGING ORGANIZATION
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Why Study Management?
Universality of Management
– management is needed
• in all types and sizes of organizations
• at all organizational levels
• in all work areas
– management functions must be performed in all
organizations
• consequently, have vested interest in improving
management
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EXHIBIT 1.11: UNIVERSAL NEED FOR MANAGEMENT
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Why Study Management? (cont.)
The Reality of Work
– most people have some managerial
responsibilities
– most people work for a manager
Challenges of Being a Manager
- being a manager is hard work
- must deal with a variety of personalities
- must motivate workers in the face of uncertainty
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Why Study Management? (cont.)
Rewards of Being a Manager
– create an environment that allows others to do
their best work
– provide opportunities to think creatively
– help others find meaning and fulfillment
– meet and work with a variety of people
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