Transcript Chapter Two Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc. A History of Helping.

Chapter Two
Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc.
A History of Helping
Early History
– Mental illness was the consequence of evil
spirits
– The focus of treatment was to rid the body of
the evil spirits
– One such process was to drill a hole in the
skull to allow the spirit to leave; this was
called trephining
– Other treatments included, various rites,
beatings, starving, and bleeding
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Early History Summery
Hippocrates (3rd century BC)
– Used a scientific approach and took a much
more realistic approach to mental illness
– He believed mental illness had natural cause
in the same manner as other illnesses
– Brain disease, heredity, or head injury were
examples of this
– He distinguished between melancholia and
epilepsy which are still used today
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Early History Summery
The Catholic Church was the primary
source of human services until the 1500s
– St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Francis of Assisi
are considered to be among the first human
service providers
– Institutions were founded for the poor,
orphans, the elderly, and those with
disabilities
– Asylums were established for the illness of
deviant behavior
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Early History Summery
Government became more prominent by
the 1500s as the church declined in power
– In England, people diagnosed with mental
illness were to be protected
– There were two categories of mental illness:
Natural fools or idiots: permanent conditions
generally present a birth
Non compos mentis (lunatics): All other mental
disorders
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Early History Summery
By the end of the 15th century mental
competence was established by an
inquisition (unrelated to church inquisitions)
A government official and a jury of at least
12 men attempted to determine three points:
– Was the person a idiot or lunatic?
– When, how, and in what manner was the person
lucid?
– What land or property did the person own?
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Early History Summery
By the end of the 15th hospitals would not
only provide medical assistance to the ill
but they also fed and housed tired
travelers, orphans, the elderly, and the
poor.
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Early History Summery
During the 15th and 16th centuries, insane
asylums were formed initially out of
concern for the care and housing of the
mentally ill, however, treatment and living
conditions were very poor:
– “Women were chained by the ankles to one
long wall. Men were liable to be attached by
the neck to a vertical bar. One man was kept
that way, even in the 18th century, for 12
years” (London’s Bethlehem Hospital)
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Early History Summery
Copyright © 2012 Brooks/Cole, a division of Cengage Learning, Inc.
The decline of feudalism and the coming
of the industrial revolution created a new
type of economy. The rural barter system
the poor could use was no longer effective
and their numbers grew
In England, the pressures of the poor in
the city created the need for a large scale
attack on poverty
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Early History Summery
This large scale attack on poverty
became the foundation for future
human services
This legislation guided social welfare
practices in and England and the
United States for the next 350 years
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Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)
There were 3 features
– Compulsory taxation
– Classification system for dependents
– Family vs. government responsibility
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Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)
Compulsory taxation
– This was simply used to raise the funds
necessary to help the needy
– The system was very similar to the one used
by the church in the middle ages
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Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)
Classification system for dependents
– Dependents were classified according to
their ability to work:
Children (who could work) were apprenticed
or indentured
The able-bodied worked or they were
punished
Those unable to work received home or
institutional relief
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Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)
Family vs. government responsibility
– Parents were legally responsible for their
children and grandchildren
– Children were legally responsible for their
parents and grandparents
– If the family could not provide assistance the
government was responsible for doing so
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Elizabethan Poor Laws (1601)
Poor relief as public responsibility
– Generally patterned after Elizabethan Poor
Laws
Legal residence
– Services were provided at the local level
Family responsibilities
– Public aid was denied those who had family
Apprenticed children
– Children of paupers
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Human Services in the Colonial
America
Social philosophies
Probation mental illness
Child welfare
Reform movements
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19th Century
individualism
Social Darwinism
b.
d.
Social Philosophies
Individualism
– Hard work was the road to success
Laissez-faire
– Limited government and limited human
service
Social Darwinism
– Natural selection dictated that the poor
were, by nature, unfit for survival
Laissez-faire
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*a.
c.
Earliest forms of probation began
appearing in the 19th century
– Judge Peter O. Thatcher (Boston)
– John Augustus
– Salvation Army
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Probation
Dr. Benjamin Rush (1700s)
– The founder of American psychiatry fought to
deal with mental illness scientifically
Dorothea Dix (1800s)
– Called attention to harsh treatment of
prisoners and the mentally ill
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Mental Illness
House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents
in New York City
Provision of pension for mothers and/or
widows
Juvenile courts and probation system
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Child Welfare
Organized Charity Movement
– Forerunner of the United Way
Settlement House Movement
– Social engineering
– Hull House (Jane Addams 1889)
Beginning of social work profession
– United Way
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Reform Movements
Clifford Beers
– A victim of mental illness; founded the
Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiend
– The beginning of organized mental health
movement
Clinical psychology profession
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Mental Health Movement
Protection from economic stability
Birth of American welfare state
Expansion of welfare activities
Assistance
– Social insurance
– Public assistance
– Health and welfare services
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Social Security Act (1935)
APTD
AFDC
OAA
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Public Assistance Programs
NIMH
Mental health Study Act
Community Mental Health
Centers Act
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20th Century: Mental Health
War on poverty
“Great Society”
Medicare
Medicaid
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Johnson Administration
New type of worker
Deinstitutionalization
Professional organizations
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Human Service Movement
New Federalism
Reduction of government
involvement
Department of Health and Human
Services
Proposition 13
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Social Welfare Revisions
PRWORA- 1996
TANF
Emergency funds—2009-2010
Evaluation
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Welfare Reform
Medicare Prescription Drug,
Improvement, and
Modernization Act of 2003
Centers for Faith-based and
Community Initiatives
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21st Century Changes
Social Security funding
Protection of civil liberties
Healthcare
War in Afghanistan
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Unresolved Issues