Flowing people and porous borders

 Human migration A person leaving to go to a new place or residence for different reasons and with different effects.

 The early ancestors of the hominids (the family of great apes and humans) migrated to Eurasia from Africa about 17 million years ago.  These two continents were cut off from each other by an expansion of the Mediterranean Sea about the same time.  These primates flourished in Eurasia and their lineage may have led to the African apes and humans

 These ancient mammals migrated south from Europe or Western Asia into Africa.  The surviving tropical population gave rise to all living primates— lemurs of Madagascar, lorises of Southeast Asia, galagos or "bush babies" of Africa, and the anthropoids; platyrrhines or New World monkeys (prehensile tails), and catarrhines or Old World monkeys (no prehensile tails) and the great apes (chimps/gorillas/orangutans) and humans.

   The arboreal existence may have been replaced by a move to the savannah (ecological change as forest shifted to grassland) for hunting animals, even though major adaptations occurred in human ancestors long before the savannahs existed.

How did these adaptations come about?

Perhaps the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis: wading, swimming and diving for food lead to upright stance.

“Eve”

“Multireg ional hypothes is” “Out of Africa” model



The Multiregional Continuity Model Contends that after Homo erectus left Africa and dispersed into other portions of the Old World, regional populations slowly evolved into modern humans.



Out of Africa Model

Asserts that modern humans evolved relatively recently in Africa, migrated into Eurasia and replaced all populations which had descended from Homo erectus.

OUR ANCESTORS Africa



tugenensis



ramidus

  

anamensis afarensis africanus garhi

     

Africa, possibly Asia

 

aethiopicus boisei robustus rudolfensis habilis

( “early” ) ( “early” )

erectus (possible asian ancestor?) sapiens

•    

Evidence?

Java (Trinil) China (Beijing) Africa . . . Europe . . .

Migration I: Homo erectus 1.8 mya

Migration II: Homo sapiens sapiens 150,000 – 200,000 ybp

“The Partial Replacement Model”

•

Begins with African early archaic

• •

Includes components of regional continuity, hybridization, and replacement, with the emphasis on replacement The disappearance of archaic humans was due to both hybridization and replacement

•

It was a gradual and complex process

 Modern Humans colonize the earth • • Europe 60,000?

Asia 90,000?

• • Oceania 60,000?

Americas tentative 30,000  Possibly 15,000?

The Genographic Project Launched in April 2005, is a five-year genetic anthropology study that aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples from hundreds of thousands of people from around the world.

   As of December 2006 some federally recognized tribes in North America have declined to take part. "What the scientists are trying to prove is that we’re the same as the Pilgrims, except we came over several thousand years before.” This is an issue because spiritually many of the indigenous peoples view their origins as North American.

    So we can see that humans have been on the move since our very beginnings Migration is nothing new But the reasons we move And the way we move have changed considerably

    Immigration defines the movement of people among (between) countries. The movement of people has existed throughout history at various levels. The emergence of nation-states made immigration a political issue.

How, why?

   Emigration is the act of leaving one's native country or region to settle in another. It is similar to immigration but, begins from the of the country of origin. Human movement before the establishment of state boundaries or within one state, is termed migration.

    Sojourning: temporary movements Sojourn: to stay as a temporary resident Sojourner: a transitory visitor The difference here is, sojourners don’t stay in the host country

  Refugee… Owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the protection of that country.

    Now that we have defined various migration terms Have discussed transnationalism Have discussed the push/pull forces of globalization… Lets list on the board some of the causes of migration!!!

    From pre-colonial times, we have always been migrants. What is new is the growing scale and organization of the diaspora, intensifying in more recent times.

From slave labor in the early part of the 19th century To labor movement today

Migration

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Internal Migration – within national borders

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Transnational Migration – back and forth

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Push-Pull Factors Types of Migrants

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Labor

   

Displaced Refuges – internationally displaced IDPs – internally displaced persons DID – development-induced Example: mega-dams

Institutional Migrants  people who voluntarily move into a social institutional  students, solders, nuns, monks, etc.

New Immigrants  term applies to people who have migrated since the 1960s Globalization – increased diversity Acceleration – quantitative growth Feminization – growing role of women Chain Migration – following others (often familial)

 Contemporary immigrants cannot be simply characterized as “uprooted,” as we recognized in our discussion of transnationalism.

 In the US, anthropologists have for generations viewed immigrants as people who uproot themselves, leaving behind home and country, and face the painful process of incorporation into a different society and sometimes culture

 Transmigrants are immigrants whose daily lives depend on multiple and constant interconnections across international borders and whose public identities are configured in relationship to more than one nation-state

 Transnational migration then is the process by which immigrants forge and sustain simultaneous multi-stranded social relations that link together their societies of origin and settlement

    Lubkemann, S Chapter 8 Refuge populations are perhaps the most commonly displaced people Ethno-nationalism • Serbia

    Resistance to colonial rule • Latin American counties, African countries Cold war confrontations • For example Afghanistan Economic processes leading to refugees due to development, ecological problems, etc These issues we have already spoke about…

 Involuntary migrants  • Displaced by force or some sort, including economic Voluntary migrants • Mostly those who migrate for work

    What are some of the effects of displacement on refugee populations?

What are some of the health effects of displacement on refugee populations?

How has humanitarian aid changed over the last three decades?

What are some of the problems that have resulted from these changes?

Movement of labor and people

          What is brain drain?

What is brain circulation?

What is an ethnic professional association?

What do they seek to accomplish?

How could such associations act to hinder a start-up over time?

What does the Saxenian say the US offers in terms of industry growth? What does Taiwan offer?

What are some possible problems with US companies using industry in developing countries (ie: buying parts/software)?

What are some possible gains for developing countries sending their technologically advanced workers to the US?

Similarities between Saxenian’s and Friedman’s models of globalization?

Why are production costs lower in Taiwan? It all comes back to labor…

   There are labor laws on the books (Labor Standards Act) but… There are 160,000 migrant workers serving in domestic sector in Taiwan. However, they are excluded from the Labor Standards Act and don't have any right to holiday nor extra payment for overtime work. Two migrant workers related their sad experience working in the country in a press conference held by Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) Legislator Joanna Lei. A-ming stated: "I have been sold [by brokers] to six different employers since coming to Taiwan and my identification

Social Stratification Illegal Immigration

      Social group – cluster of people beyond the domestic group (home/family) related on in ways other than kinship Primary Group – people know one another personally Secondary Group – identify together but may never meet Unsurprisingly, complex societies have more groups than small societies.

A main organizing group in many cultures is the Age Set Most of you belong to the same age set, which is a meaningful group in anthropological thought

Friendship  A form of primary social group    Is it a cultural universal? Well… Friendship is often defined by whom you feel comfortable/safe discussing secrets with Limiting factors to forming friendship include  Social environment – gender – class – religion – economic status Common aspects of friendship  Sharing of resources – storytelling – sharing leisure time

Clubs and Fraternities  Typically organized to reinforce certain protocols, attitudes, backgrounds, etc. etc.

 gynophobic – women-hating or otherwise anti-women groups  homophobic – fear and/or distrust of homosexuals  xenophobic – dislike and/or fear of people from other countries

Countercultural Groups  Youth Gangs • often considered a problem by adults and law enforcement  • however, many form in response to social and economic pressures Common myths –  members come from broken homes  males join to replace missing father figure

Countercultural Groups Cooperatives • form to enhance production, consumption, or exchange Farmer’s Cooperatives • allows small farmers to work together in order to compete with multinational groups (Fair Trade Co-ops) Craft Cooperatives • allows small producers to avoid costly middle men

According to the US Congressional Capper-Volstead Act of 1922: “A cooperative consists of persons engaged in production, processing, preparing for market, or handling commerce acting together that these actions are in the mutual benefit of members” (Torgerson, 1990).

Cooperatives must conform to two basic requirements:  (1) each member has one vote, regardless of amount of stock or membership capital, and  (2) non-member products shall not exceed the value of member products (Rasmussen, 1991).

Ascription (Ascribed Status)–  membership on the basis of birth race – ethnicity – gender – caste Race vs. Ethnicity Race – anthropologies role and subsequent apologetic stance in using ‘race’ as an organizing concept  Don’t forget Franz Boas – the Hero of Cultural Relativism – culture is the MOST important factor in determining behavior (NOT BIOLOGY!!!) CULTURE IS NOT GENETIC!! IT IS LEARNED!!!

Ethnicity – a sense of group membership based on a common cultural identity

Ethnicity  Ethnic Minorities in China      The People's Republic of China (PRC) officially recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups, the largest of which are Han Chinese, which constitutes about 91.9% of the total population. The 55 other ethnic groups are officially recognized as ethnic minority groups. Minority population grows faster than that of the majority Han Chinese, in 1953 at 6.1%, in 1990 at 8.04%, in 2000 at 8.41

％ , and in 2005 at 9.44%. In the most recent survey, their population growth is about seven times faster than that of the Han Chinese.

That is because the "One child policy” only applies to the majority Han Chinese

 ATHABASCAN FAMILY             OREGON GROUP ROGUE RIVER TOLOWA GROUP TOLOWA HUPA GROUP HUPA CHILULA WHILIKUT MATTOLE GROUP MATTOLE WAILAKI GROUP WAILAKI  ALGONKIN FAMILY             YUROK YUROK COAST YUROK WIYOT YUKIAN FAMILY YUKI HUCHNOM COAST YUKI WAPPO MODOC (NOW INCORPORATED IN THE PENUTIAN FAMILY)

                      SHASTAN SHASTA NEW RIVER SHASTA KONOMIHU OKWANUCHU ACHOMAWI (PIT RIVER) ATSUGEWI (HAT CREEK) YANA NORTHERN YANA CENTRAL YANA SOUTHERN YANA YAHI KAROK CHIMARIKO POMO NOTHERN CENTRAL EASTERN SOUTHEASTERN NORTHEASTERN SOUTHERN SOUTHWESTERN                       WASHO ESALEN SALINIEN ANTONIANO MIGUELENO PLAYANO CHUMASH OBISPENO PURISMENO YNEZENO BARBARENO VENTURENO EMIGDIANO INTERIOR ISLAND YUMAN NORTHERN (WESTERN) DIGUENO SOUTHERN (EASTERN) DIGUENO KAMIA YUMA HALCHIDHOMA (NOW CHEMEHUVI) MOHAVE

             PENUTIAN FAMILY MODOC WINTUN DIALECT GROUPS NORTHERN CENTRAL (NOMLAKI) SOUTHEASTERN (PATWIN) SOUTHWESTERN (PATWIN) MAIDU DIALECT GROUPS NORTHEASTERN NORTHWESTERN SOUTHERN (NISENAN                 MIWOK COAST LAKE PLAINS NORTHERN CENTRAL SOUTHERN BAY MIWOK COSTANOAN SAN FRANCISCO SANTA CLARA SANTA CRUZ SAN JUAN BAUTISTA (MUTSUN) MONTEREY (RUMSEN) SOLEDAD YOKUTS

               NORTHERN VALLEY (CHULAMNI, CHAUCHILA, ETC) SOUTHERN VALLEY (TACHI, YAUELMANI, ETC) NORTHERN HILL (CHUKCHANSI, ETC) KINGS RIVER (CHOINIMINI, ETC) TULE-KAWEH (YAUDANCHI, ETC) POSO CREEK (PALEEUYAMI) BUENA VISTA (TULAMNI, ETC) UTO-AZTEKAN (SHOSHONEAN) FAMILY PLATEAU BRANCH MONO-BANOCK GROUP NORTHERN PAIUTE (PAVIOTSO) EASTERN MONO (PAIUTE) WESTERN MONO SHOSHONI-COMMANCHE GROUP KOSO (PANAMINT SHOSHONE)                      

Types of Diaspora Populations   Jewish Diaspora as template for meaning Victim Diasporas – African (Slave) Diaspora, Armenians, Chinese in Latin America Labor Diasporas – Indians and Chinese in Caribbean Imperial Diasporas – English in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the US Trade Diasporas – Chinese in SE Asia, Lebanese in US and New Zealand Cultural Diasporas – creolized groups re migrating from Caribbean to US, England, etc.

Chinese Diaspora  Began migrating out of China 1,000 years ago to SE Asia    1800s – begin migrating in large numbers outside of Asia Heavily racial-ized minority by the late 1800s around the world Little know fact that the Chinese comprised a ‘Second Slave Trade’ to Latin America (1847-1874) • • • 100,000 to Peru 125,000+ to Cuba 10,000s to Caribbean

19th Century Chinese Immigration to the US Perceptions of Threat in the West (beginning in 1840s and 50s) - taking jobs - corrupting white women (sound familiar?) In the East (1870s and on) - taking jobs - corrupting white women (trends…) In the Southeast (1870s and on) - victims of ‘second’ slave trade - little threat

19th Century Chinese Immigration to the US • Exclusionary Laws   1882 – barred Chinese from immigration for 10 years 1892 – Geary act extended it for another 10 years  1904 – made permanent by the Extension Act Political Value = halting immigration (protectionist)  Chinese immigration labeled a humane way to end what was termed a “Second Slave Trade” by many politicians based on SE US experience

19th Century Chinese Immigration to the US  Exclusionary Laws   Finally repealed in 1943 with the Geary Act Political value = WWII, many Americans become sympathetic to Chinese fight against Japanese (of course, Japanese are stripped of rights at this time, internment camps and other abuses…)

20th Century Racializations of Chinese  1943 Geary Act grants, in theory, all Chinese the right to become naturalized citizens, the experience is quite different.

Chinese continue to exist as a heavily racial-ized ethnic group

   US has about 20% of world’s total immigrants–190 Million worldwide– Russian Federation 2 nd most Nevertheless, largest ever in absolute numbers, approximately 36 Million But not largest percentage–United Arab Republics has over 70%

About 25% of total immigration How many from Mexico?

• 55-60% 50,000 Irish 500,000 other Europeans About 40% enter legally as students, tourists, on business Most arrive on commercial carriers or come across Canadian border 9/11 hijackers entered legally

Consensus: Immigrants do not take jobs away from Americans Jobs Americans don’t want Create jobs Contention in some workplaces

 Cases resulting in fines very, very small • Both in the number of cases and the total fines  ICE increased enforcement past 3 years • Raids, pushes, etc  Cycles through the “illegal of the day” • Mexican, Hmong, Guatemalan, etc

      Immigrants pay income, property, and taxes at the federal and state level The IRS has seen an increase in the number of tax returns filed using an Individual Tax Identification Number. The system originally was designed for people living abroad who had investments in the US.

But it quickly is becoming used by undocumented workers who aren't eligible for Social Security numbers.

In 2005, 1.4 million people filed tax returns using the numbers. In 2002, illegal immigration added a net surplus of $463 billion to social security

   Immigrants less likely than natives to use public services Just 2 percent of illegal Mexican immigrants had ever received welfare or Social Security payments and just 3 percent had ever accepted food stamps. The most-used service is emergency medical care and school, the first is used sparingly due to fears of being caught and the second is used through their children who are almost always American citizens.

     Within 10 years 75% speak English Demand for English classes outstrips supply Second generation often overwhelmingly prefers English and is completely acculturated Is this true in your experience? Why/Why not?

The key to successful immigration is acceptance verse discrimination

   Average backlog 4 years Backlog of 12 years for Mexico For Mexican siblings of U.S. citizens, the government is just now getting to applications filed before July 1, 1992!!!!

Immigrants lower crime rates • 1stgeneration immigrants 45% less likely to commit violence than 3rdgeneration Americans During 1990s when immigration highest, crime dropped the most • Los Angeles it dropped 45% Why: motivation to work, ambition and desire not to be deported

   Consensus that they positively contribute economically Assimilation complete with second generation The most important factor in integration and assimilation is • • NOT characteristics of immigrants BUT how US natives treat immigrants