Transcript Impact of Heavy Truck Traffic on Pavement Performance Valbon Latifi Hani H. Titi Nicholas Coley Mohammed Matar Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Wednesday, February.

Impact of Heavy Truck Traffic
on Pavement Performance
Valbon Latifi
Hani H. Titi
Nicholas Coley
Mohammed Matar
Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Wednesday, February 26, 2014
Introduction
• Height and Weight Restrictions in Wisconsin:
– Overweight (OW) = 80,000 lbs
– Oversize (OS) = Height: 13’6”
Width: 8’6”
Length: 45’ (Single Unit)
75’ (Tractor-Trailer)
– Superheavy (SHL) = 270,000 lbs
• Only Single Trip permit records used for analysis.
Background
• Wisconsin (WI) issued approximately
96,000 single trip permits from June 2007
to June 2013
– 432 permits were (SHLs)
– Only Oversize (OS) permits excluded from
analysis (height, width, and length
restrictions)
Previous Studies
• Acimovic (2007) conducted research on
reconstructed OSOW corridor in Colorado,
discovering rutting occurred less than a year later.
Rutting occurred due to repeated and excessive
loading of OSOW trucks.
• Chatti (2004) stated that rutting damage induced on
the pavement by multiple axles increased the
number of axles per group increased as well.
Research Methodology
• Locate corridors in WI with high use of OW and SHL
trucks.
• Analyze pavement performance with AASHTOWare
Pavement ME Design
– Build various Axle Load Spectra with baseline traffic
and then the addition of OW permitted vehicles
– Use Vehicle Class Distribution comparing statewide
data to localized data.
Permit Fees vs. GVW
Gross Vehicle Weight (lbs)
800,000
#2
700,000
#3
600,000
500,000
#1
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
Permit Fee
$600
$700
• Three random single trip permits highlighted to see
discrepancy in permit fee structure and policy.
$800
Permit Fees vs. Trip Length
Length of Trip (Miles)
600
#1
500
400
300
#2
200
100
#3
0
$0
$100
$200
$300
$400
$500
Permit Fee
$600
$700
$800
Comparison of SHL Fees
Truck
GVW (kips)
Trip Length (mi.)
Fee
Cost per kip
Cost per mile
1
585.6
493
$566
$0.97
$1.15
2
605.0
134
$574
$0.95
$4.28
3
749.0
21
$705
$0.94
$33.57
• Single trip permit fees for SHL’s cost
approximately $1.00 per kip.
• No correlation between distance of trip and
permit fee.
• Should potential increase in damage imposed by
SHL loads be included in permit fees with
regards to distance traveled?
Case Study (Wisconsin State Highway 140)
• 12 miles from IL border to
I-43 and WI-11
• 21,613 permits in 6 years
• 103 SHL permits in 6
years
• Bypasses the I-90/I-39
tollway in Illinois
• Field survey and 6 hour
traffic count were
conducted
Courtesy of Google Maps
WI-140 Typical Section
•
•
•
•
2” HMA Overlay
2” HMA
4.5” Aggregate Base Course
A-6 Soil Subgrade
• 1.5” milled surface and 2”
overlay in 1996
WI-140 Pavement Condition
July 22, 2013
• Severe alligator cracking, rutting, longitudinal
cracking, potholes, and shoulder failure.
WI-140 Pavement Condition
• Obliterated shoulder
• Potential shoulder
failure due to wide
base trucks or large
farm equipment.
July 22, 2013
OW Vehicles
• Photos taken in the field on July 22 and November
4, 2013.
Farm Equipment
• Photos taken on November 4, 2013.
• 10 passed through in 6 hour traffic count.
AASHTOWare
• Program created to capture pavement design
through the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement
Design Guide (MEPDG).
• Unlike previous AASHTO Design Guides, MEPDG
is a pavement analysis tool, determining the
stresses and when they are projected to occur
over the design life.
• Three main inputs:
– Traffic
– Pavement Structure/Material Properties
– Climate
Traffic Count on WI-140 (07/22/13)
Vehicle
Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Total
Total
Count
3
163
68
0
21
6
1
1
67
5
0
0
0
335
• 2.5 hour count (8:45 am to 11:15
am)
• 30.1% trucks (Class 4 to 13)
• 66.3% of the trucks were Class 9
• 10 marked as OS and potentially
OW
Traffic Count on WI-140 (11/04/2013)
Vehicle South Bound
8:00 am to 10:00 am to 12:00 pm to
Class 10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm SB Total
1
0
0
0
0
2
58
54
60
172
3
25
19
20
64
4
0
2
0
2
5
7
9
6
22
6
6
10
4
20
7
0
0
3
3
8
0
1
1
2
9
28
26
20
74
10
1
2
1
4
11
1
1
1
3
12
1
0
0
1
13
1
1
0
2
Total 128
125
116
369
North Bound
8:00 am to 10:00 am to 12:00 pm to
NB
10:00 am 12:00 pm 2:00 pm
1
71
24
0
0
4
0
0
25
2
0
1
0
128
0
80
23
0
2
10
0
1
34
1
1
1
1
154
0
61
19
0
1
9
2
0
31
3
1
1
0
128
1
212
66
0
3
23
2
1
90
6
2
3
1
410
Total
TOTAL
1
384
130
2
25
43
5
3
164
10
5
4
3
779
Traffic Count on WI-140 (11/04/2013)
Vehicle
Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Total
Total
Count
1
384
130
2
25
43
5
3
164
10
5
4
3
779
•
•
•
•
6 hour count (8:00 am to 2:00 pm)
33.9% trucks (Class 4 to 13)
62.1% of the trucks were Class 9
15 marked as OS and potentially
OW
WisDOT’s Vehicle Class Distribution
Vehicle
Class
4
Rural Principal
Arterial - Interstate
1.3
Rural Principal
Arterial - Other
3.1
Rural Minor
Arterial
8.3
Urban Principal
Arterial - Other
1.3
5
25.8
19.8
31.7
23.4
6
6.1
11.2
9.4
3.7
7
0.3
1.1
3
2.5
8
7.2
11
12.1
3.7
9
55.5
50.6
31.9
62.6
10
0.8
1.6
1.7
2.2
11
1.3
1
0
0.2
12
0.5
0.2
0
0.1
13
1.2
0.4
1.9
0.3
WisDOT’s Axles per Truck
Axle Type
Vehicle
Class
Single
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1.3
2.2
1
1
2.4
1.3
1.1
4.9
4
1.2
Tandem Tridem
0.7
0
1
0
0.6
1.9
1.1
0.1
1
0.8
0
0
0
0.4
0
0
0.8
0
0
0.7
Quad
0
0
0
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0.6
• Standard values for
WisDOT pavement
design using
AASHTOWare
VCD from WI-140 (11/04/2013)
Vehicle Class
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Total
Total Count
% of Traffic
of Trucks
2
0.76
25
9.47
43
16.29
5
1.89
3
1.14
164
62.12
10
3.79
5
1.89
4
1.52
3
1.14
264
100
• Truck count to be used
with AASHTOWare as an
alternative to WisDOT
standard values.
WI-140 Pavement Survey
Visual distress survey (HS: high severity; MS medium severity)
• Pavement survey data input in MicroPaver.
• Pavement Condition Index (PCI) ranged from 13
to 17.
Contour Map of Rutting
Rutting Depth (in):
• Majority of rutting occurring on the outer wheel path.
WI-140 Rutting
• Southbound outer wheel path on November 4,
2013
Frequency
Axle Load Spectra (Single)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
Baseline
Traffic
Frequency
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
Baseline
Traffic with
OSOW
Permits
Included
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Axle Weight (lbs)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
40,000
Frequency
Axle Load Spectra (Tandem)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
Baseline
Traffic
Frequncy
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
Baseline
Traffic with
OSOW
Permits
Included
0
20,000
4
5
40,000
6
7
60,000
Axle Weight (lbs)
8
9
10
80,000
11
100,000
12
120,000
13
Frequency
Axle Load Spectra (Tridem)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
Baseline
Traffic
Frequency
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
Baseline
Traffic with
OSOW
Permits
Included
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
7
80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000
Axle Weight (lbs)
9
10
13
Frequency
Axle Load Spectra (Quad)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
Baseline
Traffic
Frequency
0
20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-
Baseline
Traffic with
OSOW
Permits
Included
0
20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000
Axle Weight (lbs)
7
10
13
International Roughness Index (IRI)
200
Threshold: 200 in/mi
180
IRI (in/mi)
160
140
120
100
80
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Years
Standards (WisDOT VCD)
With Permits (WisDOT VCD)
Standards (WI-140 VCD)
With Permits (WI-140 VCD)
• Final IRI at 20 years using only WisDOT standards occurs
after 18 years of service using ALS with permits integrated and
6 hour traffic count for VCD.
Rutting
1.8
1.6
Rutting Depth (in.)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
Threshold: 0.5 in
0.2
0
0
2
4
Standards (WisDOT VCD)
6
8
10
Years
With Permits (WisDOT VCD)
12
14
Standards (WI-140 VCD)
16
18
20
With Permits (WI-140 VCD)
• Final rutting at 20 years using only WisDOT standards occurs
after 14 years of service using ALS with permits integrated and
6 hour traffic count for VCD.
Fatigue Cracking
60
Total Cracking (%)
50
40
30
20
Threshold: 20%
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
15
16
18
Years
Standards (WisDOT VCD)
With Permits (WisDOT VCD)
Standards (WI-140 VCD)
With Permits (WI-140 VCD)
• Final fatigue cracking percent at 20 years using only WisDOT
standards occurs after 15 years of service using ALS with
permits integrated and 6 hour traffic count for VCD.
20
Analysis of Results
• WisDOT standards for AASHTOWare of pavement
design does not take OW trucks into consideration.
• VCD and ALS traffic data could lead to most
accurate results.
• Final stresses of pavement occurring after 20 years
of service showed up years earlier using VCD of WI140 along with OW traffic integrated into ALS.
Future Research
• Locate roadways with heavy truck traffic and
analyze pavement in Illinois, Iowa, and
Minnesota conducting field surveys.
Summary
• Certain state highways with high OW traffic
(and high regular truck traffic) have serious
pavement problems, such as WI-140.
• Future research will utilize MEPDG to
explore effects of OW and SHL trucks on
pavement.
Acknowledgements
• CFIRE for the financial
support of this project.
• WisDOT for providing permit
data (Kathleen Nichols, Lynn
Judd, and Ed Lalor)
• IADOT for providing permit
data (Paul Trombino III, Phou
Baccam, and Randal
Anderson)
Questions?
Contact: Dr. Hani Titi, [email protected]
Valbon Latifi, [email protected]
Nicholas Coley, [email protected]