Transcript Brussels, 29 June 2011 Second State of European Cities Report Uwe Neumann, RWI Report prepared for the European Commission, Directorate-General for Regional Policy under.

Brussels, 29 June 2011
Second State of European Cities Report
Uwe Neumann, RWI
Report prepared for the European Commission, Directorate-General for Regional
Policy under a contract following a call for tenders “Urban Audit Analysis II“
by
RWI (Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)
Difu (German Institute for Urban Affairs)
PRAC (Policy Research and Consultancy)
NEA Transport Research and Training
Essen, Berlin, Bad Soden, Zoetermeer, November 2010
Contents
✱
Introduction: Issues and approach
✱
City typology
✱
Urban Trends
✱
Results/Policy Implications
2
Issues of the report
✱
providing up-to-date policy-relevant information on urban
characteristics and urban dynamics in Europe
✱
discussion of intermediate results with DG Regio, Eurostat,
a panel of experts and a panel of representatives from all
EU countries
✱
The key issues arise from the literature on
i. urbanisation,
ii. economic change and its impact on social cohesion,
iii. the emergence of a knowledge economy,
iv. governance of cities and regions.
✱
These issues correspond with the priorities for a reformed
cohesion policy:
innovation, climate change, migration, children, skills, ageing
(Barca 2009)
Introduction
3
Results from Urban Audit City Panel
Workshop with 30 city representatives in Berlin, March 2009
Question to panel
members:
“Do you know any
projects, publications
or reports in your
country where Urban
Audit data was used?”
no; 12
yes; 15
Own survey among 27 members of City Panel
Further remarks
✱ Response rates vary to a high extent among countries and cities.
✱ National responsibility could be delegated to a small team instead
of one person.
✱ Many workshop participants had not been using Urban Audit data so
far.
✱ Urban Audit in general was assessed as useful, particularly for
comparison between cities similar in size and characteristics.
Introduction
4
City Typology
City typology
✱
Comparison of cities with similar basic characteristics
✱
Based on the Urban Audit 2004 - update and revision
of typology from first State of European Cities Report
✱
Statistical classification using a step-wise strategy
of “information compaction”
City typology
6
City typology – Indicators by UA Domain
Total resident population – F4
% of population < 5 – F2
% of population 35-45 – F1
% of population > 75 – F1
Total population: core city/LUZ ratio – F1 (-)
Population change 2001-2004 (in %) – F2, F3
DE
Natural population change 2004 – F2 
Murders and violent deaths per 1,000 inhabitants
SA
Prop. of working age population qualified at level
5 or 6 ISCED (university) – F3 
ISCED 5-6 (university) students per 1000
inhabitants
TE
GDP per head in PPS* - F1 
Patent intensity** - F1
% of employment in services – F1, F3
New businesses in % of all companies
% of units providing ICT services – F1, F2
Unemployment rate – F1 (-)
Multimodal accessibility (EU27=100) – F1
Population density – F4 
EC
TT
days PM10 concentrations >50 µg/m3
% of solid waste processed by landfill – F1 (-)
EN
Annual cinema attendance per resident – F1
CR
F1-F4: Factors 1-4,  = highest correlation with factor
* Additional data (NUTS 3)
** Data from European Patent Authority
City typology
7
City types
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
Total population
Principal Metropolises
Regional Centres
Smaller Centres
Towns and Cities of the Lagging Regions
Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2004)
City typology
8
City types
A Principal Metropolises
B Regional Centres
C Smaller Centres
D Towns & Cities of the
Lagging Regions
Urban Audit (EU)
Urban Audit (non-EU)
Size of circle is relative to population
in core city* in 2004
10,000,000
1,000,000
500,000
100,000
*Paris: Kernel
Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2004)
City typology
9
Urban Trends
Population
✱
… picture of urban
growth in Europe is
diverse.
✱
… urban population in
Europe grew from 2001
to 2004.
✱
…fastest growth in
largest and most
prosperous urban
regions.
✱
In Principal Metropolises, growth was high
in the outer urban zones.
✱
Cities in lagging regions
have not yet managed to
“catch up”.
Population change by city type 2001 – 2004
in %
Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2001, 2004), 329 obs. (core cities),
294 obs. (LUZ)
Urban Trends: Population
11
Population
Average annual population change 2001-2004 in LUZ
in %, by country, macro-region and city type
6
Capital city
5
Northern
Type A (non-capital)
Type B
Type C
Central
Type D
other
Western
Country
UA cities (weighted average)
Southern
3
2
0
-2
-3
DK FI NO SE BG CZ EE HU LV LT PL RO SK SI AT BE FR DE IE LU NL CH UK CY GR IT MT PT ES TR
Urban Trends: Population
12
Population
✱
The first component of city growth is migration.
✱
Northern Europe: city growth corresponds with net migration
✱
Central Europe: cities lose population due to out-migration
✱
Western and Southern Europe: diverse picture
✱
The second component is natural population change.
✱
low urban birth rates in Northern, Western and Southern Europe,
high urban birth rates in Central Europe
✱
city growth due to birth surpluses in peripheral regions
✱
cities of Western/Southern Europe and large cities of Central
Europe: growth depends on attracting migrants, because there is
a surplus of deaths over births.
Urban Trends: Population
13
…disparity of wealth between macro-regions
Economy
…concentration of wealth in capital cities
GDP per head (in PPS)
… low prosperity in Towns & Cities of Lagging
Regions (Type D)
…below-average prosperity in Smaller Centres
(Type C)
by country, macro-region and city type
90000
80000
Capital city
Northern
Type A (non-capital) Type B
Central
Type C
Type D
other Country
Western
UA cities (weighted average)
Southern
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
DK FI NO SE BG CZ EE HU LV LT PL RO SK SI
AT BE FR DE IE LU NL CH UK CY GR IT MT PT ES TR
Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2004) and regional statistics from Eurostat (NUTS 3)
Urban Trends: Economy
14
Multi-modal accessibility
2004, deviation from the EU27 average in %
100
Capital city
Northern
Type A (non-capital)
Central
Type B
Type C
Type D
other
Western
UA cities (weighted average)
Southern
50
0
- 50
-100
DK FI NO SE BG CZ EE HU LV LT PL RO SK SI
AT BE FR DE IE LU NL CH UK CY GR IT MT PT ES TR
Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2004)
Urban Trends: Economy
15
…high concentration of services in
large cities of Northern and
Western Europe
Tertiarisation
Proportion of employment in the finance sector and in other services
Core cities with >85% of employees in the service sector,
2004, in %
100
80
60
40
20
0
Finance Sector
Other Services
Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2004)
Urban Trends: Economy
16
Patent intensity
…innovation and prosperity combine
Patent applications per
100,000 inhabitants, 2004
above 50
25 - 50
5 - 25
1-5
below 1
Urban Audit (EU)
Urban Audit (non-EU)
Size of circle is relative to population
in core city* in 2004
10,000,000
1,000,000
500,000
100,000
*Paris: Kernel
Own calculation based on PATSTAT
Urban Trends: Economy
17
The most prosperous cities attract the largest number of immigrants
from foreign countries; international migration to peripheral
locations is low.
Share of foreigners
By city type, 2004 (in %)
50
40
30
20
10
0
A
Principal
Metropolises
B
Regional Centres
Weighted Average
C
D
Smaller
Centres Towns & Cities of the
Lagging Regions
Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2004)
Urban Trends: Cultural Diversity
18
Unemployment rate (2004) and change of unemployment rate
2001-2004 in core cities and outer zones of LUZ
In large cities
unemployment
concentrates in core
cities, in small and
peripheral cities in
inner and outer zones.
Unemployment rate
2004, in %
In the Towns and Cities
of the Lagging Regions
unemployment is high
but decreased from
2001 and 2004, both in
core cities and outer
zones.
Change of
unemployment rate
2001-2004,
in %-points
Core Cities: dark colour
Outer Zones: light colour
Urban Trends: Social cohesion
Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2004)
19
It is an urban paradox that in many cities throughout Europe, employment
rates are below the national averages, while most jobs are concentrated in
cities.
Employment rate
Ratio of employed persons to population of working age
2004 (in %)
90
Capital city
Northern
Type A (non-capital) Type B
Central
Type C
Type D
other Country
Western
UA cities (weighted average)
Southern
80
70
60
50
40
DK FI NO SE BG CZ EE HU LV LT PL RO SK SI
AT BE FR DE IE LU NL CH UK CY GR IT MT PT ES TR
Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2004)
Urban Trends: Social cohesion
20
Governance
✱
The term ”governance” is widely used to refer to matters of both
public administration and civic involvement.
✱
As an instrument to measure the capacity of municipal
administration, the index of “city powers” as elaborated by the
first State of European Cities report has been revised in this
section.
✱
Cities with relatively large administrative “powers” draw their
overall scope more from political autonomy than from sheer
size or “weight” within countries.
✱
The proportion of municipal authority income derived from local
taxation is therefore a highly relevant indicator of the scope of
municipal authorities to engage in local “governance”
processes.
Urban Trends: Governance
21
Air quality
In Southern and Central Europe, at least half of
the cities in each country report PM10
concentrations above the limit of 50µg/m3 on
more than 50 days per year.
Number of days PM10 concentrations exceed 50 µg/m³
2004
250
Capital city
Northern
Type A (non-capital) Type B
Central
Type C
Type D
other Country
Western
UA cities (weighted average)
Southern
200
150
100
50
0
DK FI NO SE BG CZ EE HU LV LT PL RO SK SI
AT BE FR DE IE LU NL CH UK CY GR IT MT PT ES TR
Own calculation based on the Urban Audit (2004)
Urban Trends: Environment
22
Selected results
✱
…diverse picture of population growth and decline European
cities. Depending on fertility rates and migration flows, cities
face challenges such as a shrinking and ageing population.
✱
…high concentration of economic prosperity in parts of
Northern and Western Europe and in capital cities of most
countries. The potential for growth exists across all types of
territories.
✱
Cities are focal points of regional innovation networks.
European policy can support favourable conditions for
education, research and exchange particularly in cities.
✱
…urban paradox persists: jobs concentrate in cities, but
many city residents do not participate in the labour market.
Social inclusion is therefore a key priority of the urban
dimension of cohesion policy.
Results/Conclusions
23
Policy Implications
✱
…task of EU policy to support regions and cities in improving the
conditions of life and work in densely populated areas.
✱
…support of cities in matching the supply of skills with labour
market demands.
✱
…support of economic performance in smaller cities and more
remote regions of Central Europe, so qualified people can find
adequate job opportunities there.
✱
…support of “smart specialisation”, which seeks to identify and
support the economic core activities of a region, i.e. focusing on
endogenous potentials.
✱
…monitoring of the environmental situation in cities and support
of cities/regions to overcome the “paradox of affluence”, i.e. the
environmental impact of production.
Results/Conclusions
24
Implications for European city statistics
✱
European policy must be built on sound information about
territorial diversity. Success of European policy depends on
measures with an urban focus. Continuing efforts to improve
knowledge about urban characteristics and trends are required.
✱
annual UA with reduced indicator set
✱
complete UA in three-year steps
✱
Large City Audit: reduced indicator set for all ~250 non-UA cities
✱
Urban Atlas, CARP
Results/Conclusions
25
Full report available at:
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/
themes/urban/audit/index_en.htm
Executive summary available
in three languages DE, EN, FR