Transcript Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development Learning Objectives • Identifying the factors that determine the success of a.

Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies
Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development
Learning Objectives
• Identifying the factors that determine the
success of a tourism destination
• Relate tourism planning to tourism policy
• Discover what the goals of tourism
development should be
• Recognize that some serious barriers to
tourism development must be overcome
if a desired growth is to occur
• Learn the political and economic aspects
of development including those related
to developing countries
• Appreciate the importance of architectural
design and concern for heritage preservation,
local handicrafts, and use of indigenous
materials in creating tourist facilities
11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations
Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies
Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development
The Ritchie/Crouch Model
of
Comparative
Advantages
Competitive
Advantages
(resource
endowments)
(resource
deployment)
* Human resources
* Audit & inventory
* Physical resources
* Capital resources
* Historical and
cultural resources
* Size of economy
* Growth and
development
QUALIFYING & AMPLIFYING DETERMINANTS
Location Safety/Security Cost/Value
Interdependencies Awareness/Image Carrying Capacity
DESTINATION POLICY, PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT
System
Definition
Philosophy/
Values
Vision
Positioning/
Branding
Development
Competitive/
Collaborative
Analysis
Monitoring &
Evaluation
Audit
DESTINATION MANAGEMENT
Quality
Finance
Human
of
&
Resource
Organization Marketing Service/ Information/
Research
Development Venture
Experience
Capital
Crisis
Resource
Visitor
Management Stewardship Management
CORE RESOURCES & ATTRACTORS
Physiography
and Climate
Culture & History
Mix of Activities
Special Events
Entertainment
Superstructure
Market Ties
SUPPORTING FACTORS & RESOURCES
Infrastructure
Accessibility
Facilitating Resources
Hospitality
Enterprise
Political Will
GLOBAL (MACRO) ENVIRONMENT
* Infrastructure
and tourism
superstructure
* Maintenance
COMPETITIVE (MICRO) ENVIRONMENT
* Knowledge resources
* Efficiency
* Effectiveness
DCSModel-colour(v12).ppt – © RITCHIE & CROUCH, FEB 2003
11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations
Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies
Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development
Relating Tourism Planning
to Tourism Policy
SIMILARITIES
1. They both deal with the future development of a tourism
destination or region;
2. They both emphasize the strategic dimensions of managerial
action–although planning must also address a number of
tactical concerns.
DIFFERENCES
1. Policy formulation is definitely very “big picture” while much
of planning is characterized by an attention to detail;
2. Policy formulation is a creative, intellectual process, while
planning is generally a more constrained exercise;
3. Policy, and particularly its visioning component, has a very
long-term strategic emphasis, while planning tends to be
more restrictive in its time horizon. A one-year planning cycle
is not uncommon, although 3-5 year plans are a possibility.
In contrast, destination visions may have a 5, 10, 50, or
even a 100 year time horizon;
4. Policy formulation must allow for as yet unseen circumstances
and technologies to be considered. In contrast, planning tends
to assume current conditions and technologies, with some
allowances for predictable, or evolutionary change;
5. Policy formulation tends to emphasize a systematic
determination of “WHAT” should be done in long-term tourism
development, while planning tends to emphasize the “HOW”
for the achievement of specific destination goals.
11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations
Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies
Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development
Some Advantages of Tourism
• Provide employment
opportunities
• Increase governmental
revenues
• Generates foreign
exchange
• Diversifies the economy
• Increases incomes
• Increases GNP
• Creates a favorable
worldwide image for
the destination
• Facilitates the process
• Development of tourism
of modernization
infrastructure helps to
stimulate local
• Provides tourist and
commerce and industry
recreation al facilities
for the local population
• Justifies environmental
protection and
• Provides foreigners and
improvement
opportunity to be
favorable impressed
by little-known nation
or regions
11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations
Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies
Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development
Some Disadvantages of Tourism
1. Develops excess demand
2. Creates leakages so great that economic
benefits do not accrue
3. Diverts funds from more promising forms
of economic development
4. Creates social problems from income
differences, social differences, introduction
of prostitution, gambling, crime, and so on
5. Degrades the natural physical environment
6. Degrades the cultural environment
7. Poses the difficulties of seasonality
8. Increases vulnerability to economic and
political changes
9. Adds to inflation of land values and the
price of local goods and services
11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations
Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies
Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development
The Planning Process
1. Define the system and
formulate objectives
2. Gather data
3. Analyze and interpret
4. Create the preliminary plan
5. Approve the plan
6. Create the final plan
7. Implement the plan
11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations
Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies
Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development
An Overview of the Tourism
Planning Process
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
STAGE 5
STAGE 6
STAGE 7
Define
the
System
Gather
Necessary
Data
Analyze &
Interpret
Data
Create
Preliminary
Plan
Approve
the
Plan
Create
the
Final Plan
Implement
the
Plan
In doing so,
ensure that
the
definitions
for the
policy
formulation
and
destination
planning are
consistent
Again, much
of the data
used for
policy
formulation
may be
helpful for
the planning
process
However,
additional
and much
more
detailed data
will be
required for
the planning
process
In doing so, it
is useful to
relate data to
the specific
facilities,
events,
activities, and
programs that
impact on the
factors that
determine/infl
uence
destination
success
The plan should
start to make
clear the
detailed nature
of the facilities,
events,
activities, and
programs that
will deliver the
unique high
quality
destination
experience that
will enhance the
competitiveness
of the
destination
within strategic
market
segments
It is critical to
ensure that
where
approval is
required no
relevant
stakeholders
are
overlooked
At this stage,
the level of
detail
becomes
increasingly
rigorous and
directly
related to the
specific
geography,
legislation,
financing, and
timing of the
“real world”
This stage
allocates
responsibility
for
development
actions to
specific
individuals
and
organizations,
defines the
exact timing
of these
actions, and
establishes
contingencies
for
unexpected
occurrences.
This stage
also monitors,
follows up,
and evaluates
11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations
Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies
Part Four: Tourism Supply, Demand, Planning and Development
Goals of Tourism
Development
1. Provide a framework for raising the
living standard of the people through
the economic benefits of tourism
2. Develop an infrastructure and provide
recreation facilities for visitors and
residents alike
3. Ensure development within visitor
center and resorts is appropriate
to those areas
4. Establish a development program
consistent with the cultural, social,
and economic philosophy of the
government and people of that region
5. Optimize visitor satisfaction
11th Edition - 2009 Chapter 16: Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2009