Transcript Just-in-Time Lecture www.pitt.edu/~super/ Indonesia Earthquake 27 May 2006 Ali Ardalan, Kuntoro Mission Statement The Global Disaster Health Network is designed to translate the best possible scholarly information.

Just-in-Time Lecture
www.pitt.edu/~super/
Indonesia Earthquake
27 May 2006
Ali Ardalan, Kuntoro
Mission Statement
The Global Disaster Health Network
is designed to translate the best
possible scholarly information to
educators worldwide.
Mission Statement
The Global Disaster Health Network is
designed to translate the best possible
scholarly information to educators
worldwide.
What are the Disaster Supercourse
& JIT lecture?
.
What is the Disaster Supercourse?
What is a JIT lecture?
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1
Lecture objectives
 To provide the best possible scientific
information about the Indonesia
earthquake, 27 May 2006
 To teach how the science can help
Indonesian to be prepared for primary &
secondary prevention of consequences of
earthquake
Lecture objectives
In this lecture you will find:
 How the vulnerability conditions can change
a natural hazard to a disaster?
What is the earthquake?
The shaking of earth caused by waves
moving on and below the earth's
surface and causing: surface faulting,
tremors vibration, liquefaction,
landslides, aftershocks and/or
tsunamis.
How earthquake happens?

It caused by a sudden slip on a FAULT.

Stresses in the earth's
outer layer push sides of
fault together.

Stress builds up & rocks
slips suddenly, releasing
energy in waves that travel
through the earth's CRUST
& cause the shaking that we
Feel during an earthquake.
Earthquake Strength Measures
I) Magnitude & II) Intensity
I) Magnitude:
 Definition: A measure of actual physical
energy release at its source as estimated from
instrumental observations.
 Scale: Richter Scale
 By Charles Richter, 1936
 Open-ended scale
 The oldest & most widely used
Noji 1997
Earthquake Strength Measures
I) Magnitude & II) Intensity
II) Intensity:
 Definition: a measure of the felt or perceived
effects of an earthquake rather than the strength
of the earthquake itself.
 Scale: Modified Mercalli (MM) scale
 12-point scale, ranges from barely
perceptible earthquakes at MM I to
near total destruction at MM XII
Magnitude versus Intensity
 Magnitude refers to the force of the earthquake as
a whole, while intensity refers to the effects of an
earthquake at a particular site.
 An earthquake can have just one magnitude, while
intensity is usually strongest close to the epicenter
& is weaker the farther a site is from the epicenter.
 The intensity of an earthquake is more germane to
its public health consequences than its magnitude.
Indonesia

Location: South eastern Asia

Extension: 1,913.000 Km2

Around 18.000 islands (70% unpopulated)

The world's largest archipelago!

Bicontinental country: Asia & Australia
Indonesia’s Health Statistics
 Total population: 222,781,000
 GDP per capita (Intl $, 2004): 3,840
 Life expectancy at birth M/F (years2002):
65,0 / 68,0
 Healthy life expectancy at birth M/F
(years, 2006): 57,4 / 58,9
Indonesia’s Health Statistics
 Child mortality M/F (per 1000): 41/36
 Adult mortality M/F (per 1000): 239/200
 Total health expenditure per capita
(Intl $, 2003): 113
 Total health expenditure as % of GDP
(2003): 3,1
Indonesia Seismic Plates
Plates movement
 6.0 cm per year in the West Java Trench
 4.9 cm per year in the East Java Trench
 10.7 cm per year in New Guinea
USGS
Earthquakes & active faults in
Seismic Hazard Map of Indonesia
Based on Expected Ground Acceleration
USGS
Significant earthquake
earthquakesininIndonesia
Indonesia
Significant
DATE
LOCATION
MAGNITUDE
May 26, 2006
Java
M 6.3
March 28, 2005
Northern Sumatra
M 8.7
December 26, 2004
Sumatra - Andaman
Islands
M 9.0
May 26, 2003
Halmahera
M 7.0
Nov. 2, 2002
Sumatra
M 7.4
June 7, 2000
Bengkulu
M 6.5
February 17, 1996
Irian Jaya Region
M 8.1
Dec. 12, 1992
Flores Region
M 7.5
http://www.eeri.org/lfe/indonesia.html
The Largest earthquake in Indonesia
Date
Mag
Death
Region
Northern Sumatra,
Indonesia
2005
03/28
8.7
1,313
2004
12/26
9.0
283,106
1996
1992
02/17
12/12
8.2
7.8
Off West Coast of
Northern Sumatra
166
Irian Jaya Region
Indonesia
2,519
Flores Region,
Indonesia
The deadliest earthquake in Indonesia
Mag
28/03/2005
8.7
Death
Region
1,313
Northern Sumatra,
Indonesia
26/12/2004
9.0
283,106
12/12/1992
7.8
2,519
Off West Coast of
Northern Sumatra
Flores Region, Indonesia
The largest earthquake in Indonesia
 Date: Sunday, December 26, 2004
 Location: OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA
 Magnitude: 9.0 on the Richter scale
 Time: 00:58:53 (UTC)
 Epicentre: 3.316°N, 95.854°E
 Depth: 30 km (18.6 miles)
 Death: >220,000
usgs.gov
Volcanic activities in Indonesia
 Indonesia's volcanic activity is among the
Earth's highest!
 The most famous: Krakatau (Krakatoa),
(between Sumatra
and Java)
Average Disaster Per Year in Indonesia,
1980-2000
2.5 2.48
2
1.62
1.5
1
0.5
0.14
0
Flood
Earthquake
Cyclone
0.29
Drought
UNDP
Average Killed per year by natural disasters in
Indonesia, 1980-2000
200
193
160
120 120
80
60
40
0
Flood
Earthquake
0.1
Cyclone
Drought
UNDP
Comparison of Average Killed per year due to
Earthquakes between Indonesia & other countries,
1980-2000
2500
2250
2000
1500
1000
950
500
428
281
193
Japan
Indonesia
0
Iran
Turkey
Mexico
UNDP
Indonesia Earthquake, 27 May 2006
 Time: 5/53/58 Local Time
 Magnitude: 6.3 on Richter scale
 Region: Java, Indonesia
 Geolocation: 7.962°S, 110.458°E
 Main Affected area: Yogyakarta , Java
 Depth: 10 km (6.2 miles)
 Epicenter: 37 km south of Yogyakarta
455 Km of Jakarta
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) province

People of DIY only were worry about the eruption of
Mount Merapi in the Northern part of City of Yogyakarta,
they had never thought about earthquake over hundred
years!

DIY has a special status in Republic of Indonesia,
although in the Province level, the governor is always
the descendant of the King, to honor the culture of
Kingdom.
Indonesia Earthquake:
Infrastructure Damage
 Roads & Bridges: ~ 49 km
 Destroyed Schools: 269
 Government Buildings: 302
 Religious Buildings: 18,959
 Local Markets: 9
 Destroyed houses: 60,000
Damage Building and Housing
in District of Klaten, Province of Central Java
Village
Affected
391
People’s Housing
Governmental
Building
Total
Damage
Severe
Damage
Mild
Damage
Total
Damage
Severe
Damage
Mild
Damage
36,210
59,062
83,933
76
417
432
Damage Housing in Province of DIY
District
Level of Damage
Total
Severe
Bantul
28,939
40,038
MildModerate
30,906
Yogyakarta
2,091
3,986
1,422
Gunungkidul
13,250
4,718
16,742
Sleman
4,991
15,382
30,479
Kulonprogo
868
3,589
7,137
Total DIY
49,339
67,713
86,686
Indonesia Earthquake:
Damage to Health Facilities
Community
Health centre
(Puskesmas)
Integrated
Health Post
(Pustu)
Government
Residences for
Health Staff
Yogyakarta
City
18
11
-
Bantul District
25
31
24
Klaten District
1
-
-
01 June 2006
Damage to Health Facilities
City of Yogyakarta of Province of DIY

6 Public Health Centers (PHC) & 1 Sub PHC were severely damaged

9 PHCs and 6 Sub PHCs were moderately damaged

3 PHCs and 4 Sub PHCs were mildly damaged.
District of Klaten of Province of Central Java

2 PHCs and 8 Sub PHCs were destroyed

7 PHCs and 25 Sub PHCs were severely damaged

5 PHCs and 20 Sub PHCs were mildly damaged rusak ringan
District of Bantul of Province of DIY

15 PHCs, 1 District Health Office, 30 Sub PHCs and 46 Houses of
Officers were severely damaged

4 PHCs, 13 Sub PHCs and 21 Houses of Officers were moderately
damaged

7 PHCs, 1 District General Hospital of Bantul, 13 PHCs and 4 Houses
of Officers were mildly damaged.
Indonesia Earthquake:
Main Health Impacts
 Death toll: 4,962 to 6,234
 Injured: 33,852 to 57,790
 Hospitalized patients: 18,959
 Displaced/homeless: 200,000- 600,000
Indonesia Earthquake:
Mortality distribution
Yogyakarta
Central Java
Kab.Bantul
3580
Kab.Sleman
212
Kota Yogyakarta
165
Kab. Gunung Kidul
69
Kab. Kulon Progo
26
Kab. Klaten
1668
Kab. Purworejo
5
Kota Boyolali
3
Kab. Magelang
1
Kab. Sukoharjo
1
1678
31/05/2006
Indonesia Earthquake:
Health Needs & Concerns
 Shelters & tents
 Medical Assistance
 Lacks of Medical Staff & services
 Bed sheets, mattresses
 Clean Water & Food
 Disease surveillance system
Some key points in relief operation:
• Emergency Health Information System
• Importance of right kind of donations (based on
right needs assessment)
• Incident Command System (ICS)
 Inter and Intra sectoral Coordination
Public Health Consequences of
Earthquakes
Pease see the following lectures:
Part I.
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec13021/index.htm
Part II.
http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec13051/index.htm
Indonesia Earthquake:
Economical Damage
 Only for covering the 6 months relief needs:
103,389,500 US$ (UN Flash Appeal)
How about the recovery & reconstruction
of damaged infrastructures?
Indonesia Earthquake
 Several decades of development wiped out
in seconds in Yogyakarta & Java
 How many percent of Indonesia GDP has
been lost in the recent earthquake?
 What do you think about spending this
money on prevention? And absolutely
without loosing the lives and injuries!
30 years continuous evolution in the practice of
Crisis or Disaster Management

Civil defense
Strategic shift

Emergency assistance
from managing

Disaster response and relief

Humanitarian assistance

Emergency management

Civil protection

Disaster mitigation and prevention

Disaster Risk Management
a disastrous
event to more
preventive and
proactive
approaches!!
What is Disaster risk reduction
(disaster reduction or DRR)?

The conceptual framework of elements
considered with the possibilities to minimize
vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout
a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit
(mitigation and preparedness) the adverse
impacts of hazards, within the broad context
of sustainable development !
DRR Terminology: What is the Hazard?

A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or
human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury,
property damage, social and economic disruption or
environmental degradation.
Natural
Hyman Induced
Geological
Indonesian
Earthquake
Hydro meteorological
Flood, Hurricane
Biological
Pandemic
Environmental
degradation
Deforestation
Technological
Nuclear release
DRR Terminology: What is the Vulnerability?

The conditions determined by physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors or processes,
which increase the susceptibility of a community to
the impact of hazards.

Vulnerable Yogyakarta , Java:
o
Unprepared people, society
o
Unprepared institutions
o
Non-resistant building
o
High-density population
o
etc.
What is Risk?

The probability of harmful consequences, or
expected losses (deaths, injuries, property,
livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or
environment damaged) resulting from
interactions between natural or humaninduced hazards & vulnerable conditions.

Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability
What is a Disaster ?

A serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society causing widespread
human, material, economic or environmental
losses which exceed the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using
its own resources.
What is a Disaster?

A disaster is a function of the risk process.

It results from the combination of hazards,
conditions of vulnerability and insufficient
capacity or measures to reduce the potential
negative consequences of risk.
Indonesian earthquake: Risk model

Maybe DIY & Java communities were not
able to modify the hazard part of the
earthquake risk model, and predict it
precisely, BUT they could assess their
vulnerability conditions and reduced them!

This has been the same experience in Bam &
Kashmir!
Main Lesson Learned
So, an earthquake measuring 6.3 on
the Richter scale is not equal to a
disaster. It is just movement of the
earth crust. Our vulnerability has
changed it to a disaster!!
Just-in-Time Education
Let’s teach the communities right now !
Risk awareness & Knowledge development
including education, training, research and
information are of the important fields of
action for Disaster Risk Reduction!
Information ….
 People need information as much as
water, food, medicine or shelter.
 Information can save lives, livelihoods &
resources.
 Lack of information can make
people victims of disaster.
World Disaster Report 2005 – IFRC/RCS
What we should do/do not before,
during & after the earthquake?
Please read carefully at:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/prepare.html
References
We wish to express our warm thanks
to GDHNet faculties and all groups
that contributed their valuable
materials.