Transcript AGE OF IMPERIALISM 1850-1914 What does this map imply about the Age of Imperialism?

AGE OF IMPERIALISM
1850-1914
What does this map
imply about the Age
of Imperialism?
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
• 1. ECONOMIC MOTIVES
• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CREATED GREAT DEMAND FOR RAW
MATERIALS (NATURAL RESOURCES) AND NEW MARKETS.
• 2. DESIRE FOR POLITICAL POWER (NATIONALISM)
• EUROPEAN NATIONS WANTED TO DEMONSTRATE THEIR POWER
AND PRESTIGE TO THE WORLD.
• 3. SENSE OF RACIAL SUPERIORITY
• SOCIAL DARWINISM; IN THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN NATIONS, THE
FIT ARE VICTORIOUS
• 4. WHITE MAN’S BURDEN
• THE EUROPEANS’ SENSE OF SUPERIORITY MADE THEM FEEL
OBLIGATED TO “CIVILIZE” OTHERS
SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
• IN THE 1870S, THE BELGIAN KING LEOPOLD
SENT EMISSARIES TO ESTABLISH TRADE WITH
NATIVE AFRICANS IN THE CONGO.
• OTHER EUROPEAN NATIONS FEARED MISSING
OUT, AND SOUGHT TO IMPERIALIZE AFRICA.
• DESIRED AFRICAN GOODS: GOLD,
DIAMONDS, RUBBER
BERLIN CONFERENCE
 EUROPEANS LEADERS MEET TO
ESTABLISH RULES FOR
COLONIZING AFRICA
 NO AFRICAN RULERS INVITED
 LITTLE OR NO THOUGHT ABOUT
THE COMPLEX DIFFERENCES IN
ETHNIC GROUPS
 BY 1914, ONLY INDEPENDENT
AFRICAN NATIONS
 LIBERIA, ETHIOPIA
• ACCORDING TO THIS
CARTOON, WHAT
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
WERE FIGHTING FOR A
POSITION IN AFRICA?
1914
SOUTHERN AFRICA
• 3 GROUPS CLASH FOR POWER:
• AFRICANS
• ZULU NATION, LED BY SHAKA, FOUGHT THE
BRITISH AND BOER
• ZULU NATION LOST TO BRITISH IN 1887
• BOERS
• DESCENDANTS OF DUTCH SETTLERS THAT HAD
CONTROLLED SOUTH AFRICA SINCE THE MID
1600S
• ALSO KNOWN AS AFRIKANERS
• BRITISH
• GAINED CONTROL OF SOUTH AFRICA DURING
BERLIN CONFERENCE
• TRY TO ANNEX BOER TERRITORY (TAKE CONTROL
OF COUNTRY OR AREA BY USING FORCE)
BRITISH INFLUENCE
• CECIL RHODES
• FOUNDED THE DE BEERS MINING COMPANY,
EVENTUALLY CONTROLLING 90% OF THE
WORLD’S DIAMOND PRODUCTION.
• AFTER BECOMING PRIME MINISTER OF THE
CAPE COLONY (NOW SOUTH AFRICA) IN
1890, HE USED HIS INFLUENCE TO
STRENGTHEN BRITISH CONTROL OVER THE
REGION.
THE BOER WAR
• 1899-1902
• FOUGHT BETWEEN THE BOERS AND THE BRITISH OVER LAND
• MANY ZULU FOUGHT WITH THE BOERS
• GUERILLA TACTICS (SNEAKY)
• BRITISH BURNED CROPS AND HAD DETENTION CENTERS
• PEACE TREATY SIGNED IN 1902
• UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA ESTABLISHED IN 1910 BY THE BRITISH
EFFECTS OF IMPERIALISM
 POSITIVE
 NEGATIVE
 REDUCES LOCAL FIGHTING
 AFRICANS LOSE LAND AND
INDEPENDENCE
 SANITATION IMPROVES
 MANY LIVES ARE LOST
 HOSPITALS AND SCHOOLS
CREATED
 TRADITIONAL CULTURES
BREAKDOWN
 TECHNOLOGY BRINGS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
 DIVISION OF AFRICA CREATES
PROBLEMS THAT CONTINUE
TODAY; TRIBALISM
“An English Traveler in Colonial Africa”
Reading
• 1.WHAT WAS MARY KINGSLEY DOING IN AFRICA?
• 2. IN WHAT PART OF AFRICA WAS KINGSLEY TRAVELING?
• 3. HOW WAS THE SHIP, THE MOVE, POWERED?
• 4. DOES SHE SEEM TO THINK SHE IS IN A DANGEROUS SITUATION OR
NOT?
12.3:
British Rule in India
The Suez Canal
• STRATEGIC WATERWAY BUILT BY GREAT BRITAIN
• CONNECTS MEDITERRANEAN AND RED SEA
• INCREASED TRADE AND TRANSPORT BETWEEN EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST,
ASIA
British East India Company
• JOINT-STOCK COMPANY THAT SOUGHT TO EXPLOIT
NATURAL RESOURCES AND GAIN ACCESS TO
MARKETS
• INVOLVED IN INDIA’S POLITICAL AND MILITARY
AFFAIRS
• “DIVIDE AND CONQUER” TACTICS; POLITICAL AND
RELIGIOUS RIVALRIES (MUSLIM V. HINDU)
• EMPLOYED INDIAN SOLDIERS, SEPOYS, TO PROTECT
THE COMPANY’S INTERESTS IN THE REGION
Sepoy Rebellion
• 1857, A GROUP OF “SEPOYS” REFUSED
TO LOAD THEIR RIFLES WITH
CARTRIDGES
• GREASED WITH COW (SACRED TO
HINDUS) AND PIG (TABOO TO
MUSLIMS) FAT
• MANY SEPOYS REVOLT, ARE
IMPRISONED
• SEPOY TROOPS KILL 50 EUROPEAN
MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN
• TAKEN OVER BY THE BRITISH
GOVERNMENT
• DIRECT CONTROL INSTITUTED,
INCREASED MISTRUST
1909
Effects of British Rule
• POSITIVE
• STABILITY AND ORDER
• CONSTRUCTION OF
ROADS AND RAILROADS
• MOVE CROPS FASTER
• IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
IMPROVE FARMING
• ESTABLISHED SCHOOL
SYSTEM, POSTAL SERVICE
• NEW LAWS MEAN JUSTICE
FOR ALL CLASSES
• CUSTOMS END HUMAN
RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
• NEGATIVE
• INDIAN RESOURCES GO
TO GREAT BRITAIN
• BRITISH MANUFACTURED
GOODS DESTROY LOCAL
INDUSTRIES
• STARVATION – FOOD
PRODUCTION  COTTON
PRODUCTION (30 MILLION
INDIANS DIE)
• INDIANS ARE TREATED AS
INFERIORS; SPURS
RESENTMENT AND ANGER
• GREAT BRITAIN TRIES TO
REPLACE INDIAN CULTURE
WITH WESTERN WAYS
Nationalism in India
• FORMATION OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
• 1885
• NATIONALISTIC ORGANIZATION IN INDIA WITH THE PURPOSE OF
ENDING BRITISH CONTROL.
• MOSTLY EDUCATED HINDU; MOHANDAS GANDHI AND
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
• FORMATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE
• 1906
• MANY MUSLIMS DISTRUST HINDUS
“Famines in India under British Rule”
• 1. HOW DID EL NIÑO AFFECT INDIAN
PEASANTS?
• 2. HOW DID THE VICEROY JUSTIFY HIS
INACTION?
• 3. WHAT WERE SOME OF THE CASH CROPS
INDIANS WERE FORCED FOR PRODUCE?
• 4. WHERE WAS MUCH OF THE FOOD THAT
COULD HAVE SAVED MILLIONS OF INDIANS?
• 5. ALL TOGETHER, HOW MANY INDIANS
STARVED DIED IN THE 1870S, 80S AND 90S?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7CxKVIQKx4
12.4:
Nation Building in Latin America
What two European powers
colonized the majority of
Latin and South America?
Causes of Latin American Independence
• INSPIRED BY ENLIGHTENMENT AND
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
• AMERICAN AND FRENCH REVOLUTIONS
• NATIONALISM
• ABUSIVE, RIGID SOCIAL STRUCTURE:
• PENINSULARES
• CREOLES
• MESTIZOS/MULATTOS
• AFRICANS/SLAVES
Haitian Revolution
• FRENCH COLONY
• 1791, TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE LED MORE THAN
100,000 SLAVES IN REVOLT
• 1804, BECAME THE FIRST INDEPENDENT STATE IN
LATIN AMERICA
Haiti
Mexican Revolution #1
• 1810-1821
• MIGUEL HIDALGO AND ILL-EQUIPPED ARMY OF NATIVE
AMERICANS AND MESTIZOS ATTACK AGAINST THE SPANIARDS
• REBELLION SOON CRUSHED, AND HIDALGO SENTENCED TO
DEATH
• MEXICAN ELITES, PENINSULARES AND CREOLES, FEARED FURTHER
LOWER CLASS REVOLTS AND DECLARED INDEPENDENCE FROM
SPAIN
South American Independence
• “LIBERATORS OF SOUTH AMERICA”
• SIMON BOLIVAR
• EDUCATED CREOLE
• LED RESISTANCE AGAINST SPANISH (“THE LIBERATOR”)
• 1810-1822, HE LED MILITARY CAMPAIGNS THAT WON
INDEPENDENCE FOR VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA (THEN,
GRANADA), ECUADOR, PERU, BOLIVIA.
• JOSE DE SAN MARTIN
• LED REVOLUTIONS IN ARGENTINA, CHILE, PERU
• 1824, NEARLY ALL OF SOUTH AMERICA HAD
SUCCESSFULLY REVOLTED AND WON INDEPENDENCE
US in Latin America
• MONROE DOCTRINE
• 1823, US PRESIDENT, JAMES MONROE, STATED
THAT EUROPEAN NATIONS WERE NOT TO
INTERFERE IN LATIN AMERICA
• GREAT BRITAIN SUPPORTS THE US IN RETURN
FOR ACCESS TO LA MARKETS
• EUROPEAN NATIONS FEAR PASSING GREAT
BRITAIN EN VOYAGE TO THE WESTERN
HEMISPHERE
1. Who are the figures
on the right?
2. Who is the figure on
the left?
3. What is the figure
on the left doing?
What is the author’s
overall message?
• PANAMA CANAL
• 1904, CONNECTS THE CARIBBEAN SEA AND THE PACIFIC OCEAN
• SERVED THE NATIONAL INTERESTS OF THE UNITED STATES
Instability in Latin America
• REVOLTS, CIVIL WAR, POVERTY AND INEQUALITY
• GEOGRAPHIC BARRIERS AND NATIONALISM HINDER UNIFICATION OF
LA
• DESPITE ESTABLISHMENT OF REPUBLICS WITH CONSTITUTIONS,
DEMOCRACY DID NOT FOLLOW.
• COLONIAL CLASS STRUCTURE REMAINS LARGELY INTACT (CREOLES
REPLACE PENINSULARES)
• LOCAL CAUDILLOS SUPPORTED BY THE LANDED ELITES PUT TOGETHER
OWN ARMIES AND CHALLENGE CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS
• ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
• CASH CROP ECONOMIES OF LA WERE UNSTABLE AND DEPENDENT
ON WESTERN NATIONS
• US AND GREAT BRITAIN (LARGE INVESTORS) DOMINATE AND
EXPLOIT
• BUILT TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND
POWER PLANTS
• LATIN AMERICAN ELITE ENCOURAGE FOREIGN COMPANIES
• FASTEST WAY BOTH TO MODERNIZE THEIR COUNTRIES AND TO
ENRICH THE LATIN AMERICAN PROPERTY OWNING CLASS
Mexican Revolution #2
• 1910-1930
• CAUSES:
• DICTATORSHIP OF PORFIRIO DIAZ BROUGHT
ECONOMIC ADVANCES, BUT ONLY FEW ELITE AND
FOREIGN INVESTORS BENEFIT
• MOST MEXICANS ARE UNEDUCATED, LANDLESS AND
POOR
• KEY FIGURES:
• EMILIANO ZAPATA – LED PEASANT REVOLT, CALLING
FOR LAND REFORM
• “PANCHO” VILLA – REBEL LEADER IN NORTH, ARMED
MASSES AGAINST MEXICAN GOV’T AND THE US
• EFFECTS:
• CONSTITUTION ON 1917
• DBQ IN TEXTBOOK
• SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC REFORM
• DESIRE TO NO LONGER BE DEPENDENT ON INDUSTRIAL POWERS,
BRING INDUSTRIES UNDER GOVERNMENT CONTROL