Transcript Development and transfer of technology under the Convention: technology information and networking technology centres Iulian Florin Vladu Adaptation, Technology and Science Technology Sub-programme UNFCCC March 2007 Bonn, Germany.

Development and transfer of
technology under the Convention:
technology information and
networking technology centres
Iulian Florin Vladu
Adaptation, Technology and Science
Technology Sub-programme
UNFCCC
March 2007
Bonn, Germany
1
This presentation will cover:

Environmentally sound technologies

Development and transfer of technologies under the
Convention

Technology information







Mandates
Work done
Gaps and barriers
Networking technology centres
Recommendations for future work
EGTT recommendations on networking
Relevant findings of the synthesis report of technology
needs of non-Annex I Parties
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Environmentally sound technologies (1)

Development, deployment, diffusion and transfer of a
wide range of technologies is essential to achieve the
deep cuts in GHG emissions that are needed to combat
climate change and to enable people and societies to
adapt to changes that may occur

Just as the rise in the greenhouse gas emissions has
been, to some extent, the product of “old”
technologies –from coal fired power plants to internal
combustion engines– so reduction in emissions will
rely on the development of new and more efficient
technologies that could form the basis of less carbon
intensive economies without compromising the
economic growth
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Environmentally sound technologies (2)

IPCC - no single technology option will provide all of
the emission reductions needed to achieve
stabilization, but a portfolio of mitigation technologies
and measures will be needed. Some of these
technologies have significant potential in the shortterm, such as energy efficiency, renewable energy
technologies and reducing gas flaring. Others, such as
carbon capture and storage (CCS) and fusion, are
expected to contribute to addressing the climate
change issue in the long-term

IPCC - known technological options could achieve a
broad range of atmospheric stabilization levels but
implementation would require socio-economic and
institutional changes
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Environmentally sound technologies (3)

Technologies for the mitigation of, and adaptation to,
climate change are equally important and both hard
technologies (e.g. equipment, machinery, tools) and
soft technologies (e.g. skills, knowledge, expertise,
know-how and “know-why) are being considered.

IEA provided recently a comprehensive and detailed
analysis of the key energy technologies of the next 50
years - global CO2 emissions could be returned to
current levels by 2050 and that the growth of oil
demand could be cut in half.
 Energy efficiency is of paramount importance in achieving
these results.
 Decarbonising power generation through CCS, renewable,
and, in those countries where it is accepted, nuclear, will be
essential.
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Provisions of the Convention on technology (1)
Article 4 - Commitments
 Article 4.5 - “The developed countries and other
developed countries in Annex II shall take all
practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as
appropriate, the transfer of or access to
environmentally sound technologies and know how to
other Parties, particularly developing country Parties,
to enable them to implement the provisions of the
Convention.”
 Article 4.7 - “The extent to which developing country
Parties will effectively implement their commitments
under the Convention will depend on the effective
implementation by developed country Parties of their
commitments related to financial resources and
transfer of technology…”
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Provisions of the Convention on technology (2)

Article 4.1 - All Parties, taking into account their
common but differentiated responsibilities and their
specific national and regional development priorities,
objectives and circumstances, shall:
 ….
 (c) Promote and cooperate in the development, application
and diffusion, including transfer, of technologies, practices
and processes that control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic
emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal
Protocol in all relevant sectors, including the energy,
transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste
management sectors;
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1992
1994
UNCED Rio
de Janeiro
UNFCCC enters
into force
Major milestones
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Ky oto Protocol
signed
2006
2008
Ky oto Protocol enters
into force
2010
2012
First commitment period
2030
???
MOP 1
COP and subsi diary bodies
UNFCCC proce ss
3
Ky oto
4
Buenos
Aires
5
6 I & II
7
8
Bonn The Hague Marrakesh New
and Bonn
Delhi
9
Milan
10
Buenos
Aires
Third period
Implementation of
the technology framework
Projects inventory,
financing,
networks of centres,
adaptation
technologies
Regional
workshops in
Asia, Africa, and
Latin America and
the Caribbean
Technology needs and needs
assessments
Technology framework
Second period
Consultative
process
Buenos Aires Plan of Actions
First period
Various issues
Berlin mandate
Development
and transfer of
technologies
2
Geneva
11
Montreal
12
13
14
15
16
17
Fourth period
Enhancing the implementation of
the technology framework
18
Other possible
approaches?
Maintain the same themes
EGTT reco mmendations for
enhancing the implementation
of the framework
Review of EGTT
1
Berlin
Technology information
Enabling environments
Capacity-building
Mechanisms (EG TT )
Innovative financing
Technologies for adaptation
SBSTA mitigation w orkshops and five-year work programme on adaptation
Dialogue on long- ter m cooperative actions
Processe s initiated at COP 11
Ad-Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments under the Kyoto Protocol
CSD
TAR
2006
Guidelines
SAR
Johannesburg
Plan of Action
SR on
CCS
FAR
Millennium
declaration
SR on
MTI TT
IPCC
Programme for further
implementation of Agenda 21
AR4
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Access to technology information (1)

Has been recognized since the Agenda 21, Chapter 34 - activities “Development of international information networks which link
national, subregional, regional and international systems”

34.15. Existing national, subregional, regional and international
information systems should be developed and linked through
regional clearing-houses covering broad-based sectors of the
economy such as agriculture, industry and energy. Such a
network might, inter alia, include national, subregional and
regional patent offices that are equipped to produce reports on
state-of-the-art technology. The clearing-house networks would
disseminate information on available technologies, their sources,
their environmental risks, and the broad terms under which they
may be acquired. They would operate on an information-demand
basis and focus on the information needs of the end-users. They
would take into account the positive roles and contributions of
international, regional and subregional organizations, business
communities, trade associations, non-governmental
organizations, national Governments, and newly established or
strengthened national networks.
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Access to technology information (2)

34.16. The international and regional clearing-houses would take
the initiative, where necessary, in helping users to identify their
needs and in disseminating information that meets those needs,
including the use of existing news, public information, and
communication systems. The disseminated information would
highlight and detail concrete cases where ESTs were successfully
developed and implemented. In order to be effective, the clearinghouses need to provide not only information, but also referrals to
other services, including sources of advice, training, technologies
and technology assessment. The clearing-houses would thus
facilitate the establishment of joint ventures and partnerships of
various kinds.

34.17. An inventory of existing and international or regional
clearing-houses or information exchange systems should be
undertaken by the relevant United Nations bodies. The existing
structure should be strengthened and improved when necessary.
Additional information systems should be developed, if
necessary, in order to fill identified gaps in this international
network.
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Technology information | Mandates (1)

13/CP.1 - "prepare an inventory and assessment of
environmentally sound and economically viable technologies and
know-how conducive to mitigating and adapting to climate
change. This inventory should also include an elaboration of the
terms under which transfers of such technologies and know-how
could take place“

7/CP.2 - “initiate action, including consultations with Parties and
relevant international organizations, inter alia, taking into account
the ongoing work of the Climate Technology Initiative, to identify
existing technology information activities and needs, with a view
to developing options for building on existing specialized
information centres and networks to provide fast one-stop
databases relating to state-of-the-art, environmentally sound and
economically feasible technology and know-how in a manner that
would be readily accessible to developing countries. The options
should consider the need and resources required for improving
existing, and setting up additional, technology information centres
and networks”
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Technology information | Mandates (2)

9/CP.3 – consult with the GEF and other relevant
international organizations, “on their capabilities and
abilities to support the work of (an) international
technology information centre(s), as well as national
and regional centres, and to enhance the support for
national and regional centres..”

4/CP.4 – consultative process
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Technology information | Mandates (3)

4/CP.7 – adopts the technology transfer framework,
with a theme on technology information
 Purpose: to establish an efficient information system in
support of technology transfer and to improve the generation
and flow of, access to and quality of technical, economic,
environmental and regulatory information relating to the
development and transfer of ESTs under the Convention
 To accelerate its work on the development of a technology
transfer information clearing house by coordinating with
Parties and relevant United Nations agencies and other
international organizations and institutions, and developing
options for implementation, in particular, networking of an
international technology information clearing house under the
Convention, and enhancement of technology information
centres and networks.
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Technology information | Mandates (4)

SBSTA 20, requested the secretariat to continue its work on
maintaining and improving TT:CLEAR, taking into account the
report on the survey on the effectiveness of the use of the system
and the recommendation of the EGTT, including by enhancing
networking between national and regional centres working on the
dissemination of technology information, and by encouraging the
use of TT:CLEAR

6/CP.10 - encouraged the secretariat to continue its work on a pilot
project on networking between TT:CLEAR and national and
regional technology information centres that would provide
Parties with a clear understanding of the technical feasibility and
cost implications of the strengthening of technology centres in
developing countries
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Technology information | Work done (1)

Conducted a pilot project on the establishment of a technology
information system, later renamed the technology information
clearing house, in September 2001. During the testing period only
registered users could access TT:CLEAR.

Organized an expert workshop in Beijing, China, in 2002, on
technology information in order to review the feedback from
Parties on testing TT:CLEAR, and to further define user needs for
information, criteria for information quality control, technical
specifications of the system and submissions from Parties.

Compiled feedback and guidance for improving the system (e.g.
submissions from Parties, recommendations of the workshop on
technology information, and the testing of TT:CLEAR)

Conducted a survey to assess the effectiveness of the use of
TT:CLEAR, including identification of users’ needs for information
on climate friendly technologies, and of information gaps and
ways to bridge them
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Technology information | Work done (2)


The testing of the system was completed by June 2003
and the system was opened to public access
TT:CLEAR acts as a gateway to technology information
that enables users, including practitioners and private
sector users, to :
 Find information on technology transfer projects and
programmes;
 Case studies of successful technology transfer;
 ESTs and sources of know-how;
 Organizations and experts;
 Methods, models, and tools to assess mitigation and
adaptation options and strategies;
 Relevant Internet sites for technology transfer; and
 Ongoing work of the Parties and the EGTT, relating to issues
under negotiation, documents and meetings, and the
implementation of the technology framework.
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Technology information | Gasps and barriers (1)

The survey identified barriers that need to be addressed to
increase the use of the clearing house by users in developing
countries and by technology practitioners

The recommendations of the survey are being pursued, including
extending the pilot network of regional/national technology
centres and translating information on TT:CLEAR into other
languages. Key areas that could be addressed in the future
include: increasing the availability of data; sustaining commitment
for participation in the network of technology centres; and
providing adequate and predictable resources for this activity

The provision of information on TT:CLEAR and within the network
of technology centres, including at local and regional levels, could
be improved by involving the private sector more closely in these
activities to enhance access to information on technologies
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Technology information | Gasps and barriers (2)

A better integration of TT:CEAR with other information clearing
houses, better networking with existing activities, and a closer
working relationship between TT:CLEAR and information
providers, would enhance the access to technology information

TT:CLEAR and the network of technology centres could continue
to build on inventories of mitigation technologies and
technologies for adaptation within the existing clearing-house
mechanisms and could draw on experiences from the Convention
on Biological Diversity Clearing House Mechanism

Lack of awareness about TT:CLEAR and about the technology
information network. To address this barrier, work on the
outreach aspects of TT:CLEAR could be strengthened, through
the preparation and distribution of additional outreach materials
that would be able to address the needs of a broader set of target
audiences or users. There may also be a need to improve the
content of, and access to, TT:CLEAR in order to attract more users
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Networking technology centres | Structure
= BARRIER
= OPPORTUNITY
Virtual
clearing
house
International
International
TT
TT
centre
Center
KNOWLEDGE
INSTITUTION
GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
A
B
NGOs
NGOs
PRIVATE
COMPANY
FINANCIAL
INSTITUTION
International
International
TT sectoral
TT Sectoral
centre
Center
Regional
Regional
TT
TT
centre
Center
National
National
TT
TT
centre
Center
National
National
TT
TT
centre
Center
IGOs
IGOs
PRIVATE
COMPANY
National
National
TT
TT
centre
Center

The transfer of technologies is a process which involves governments, financial
institutions, private companies, IGOs, NGOs and knowledge institutions

Considerable institutional capacity to provide technology information already
exists. Much of this capacity is distributed among relevant United Nations
organizations and specialized agencies, and the national and regional technology
centres. Enhancing coordination among these organizations by involving them in a
network would deliver considerable benefits
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Networking technology centres | Principles





Participation is voluntary - the participants would become nodes
within the network and share information specific to their area of
expertise.
All nodes would have similar roles in the network - they would
retain ownership and full control over their information. When
displaying information received from other nodes, proper
disclaimers and credits would be given to users
Sharing and exchanging of information over the network would be
done in “real time” over the Internet - efforts would be made to
increase visits to each node
Users would be able to access information from, and provide
feedback to any node in the network. Similar concepts will be
used as much as possible to develop intuitive users’ interfaces
capable of identifying the needs and determining the profile of
each user, so that the network could disseminate tailored
information on any node (!)
An important feature of the network would be its ability to tap into
information contained in national and international patent
databases (!)
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Networking technology centres | Options

Maintaining links to external sources of data and
information - establish and maintain, on each node, a
database of links (hyperlinks) to relevant international
sources of information available on the other nodes
and elsewhere on the Internet

Specialized search engines and data interfaces search engine that searches in real time a limited
number of external data sources over the Internet,
harvests data from those sources and presents
consolidated results to use

Web services
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Networking technology centres | Web services
Discovery
Discovery
Agencies
Agencies
Find
Service
Description
Publish
Client
Service
Service
Service
Requestor
Requestor
Interact
Service
Service
Provider
Provider
Service
Description

Advantages: independence of modification on external web sites,
standard data exchange protocol, data format and service
description, independence of software platforms and
programming language, service discovery protocols and
inventories of services and providers
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Networking technology centres | Limitations




Data accessibility: only limited amounts of data are available
online free of charge. Some members of the network may have
agreements to access the full set of the data, but they would not
be allowed to make the data available to third parties
Data quality: no guarantee regarding the quality of the data, but a
good selection of the centres and web portals may be sufficient.
In any case, proper disclaimers and credits should be given to the
users when they access data external to the node
Data coverage: Limited and/or different geographical and
temporal coverage of the data is a common problem. Different
assumptions may also be used to derive the data, which makes
them difficult to combine or compare. Agreement(s) should be
reached on, for example, a core set of data to describe an
international cooperation project
Data classification: The classifications used by different data
providers are often inconsistent
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Networking technology centres | Examples
Technology
Technology
Needs
Needs
Assessment
Assessment
Project proposals
Initial
Initial
National
National
Communications
Communications
Expert centers
Other
Other
National
National
Reports
Reports
Project Proposals
Project Proposals
Case
CaseStudies
Studies
Contacts/Experts
Contacts/Experts
Organization
Organization
Links
Links
Documents
Documents
Programs
Programs
Case Studies
Case Studies
Expert Centers
Expert Centers
Interface
Interface
(web services)
(web services)
Tools
Documents
Donors
Donors
Tools
Tools
Financial
Financial
Institutions
Institutions
Links
Links
US-CTC
US-CTCGateway
Gateway
Businesses
Businesses
Publications
Methodologies
Publications&&
Methodologies
Case
CaseStudies
Studies
Tools
Tools
Workshops
Workshops
Technologies
Technologies
TT:CLEAR
TT:CLEAR
Calendar of Events
Calendar of Events
CTI
CTI
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Networking technology centres | Examples
Project proposals
Technology
Technology
Needs
Needs
Assessment
Assessment
Initial
Initial
National
National
Communications
Communications
Parties
Parties
Other
Other
National
National
Reports
Reports
Project Proposals
Project Proposals
Interface
Interface
(web services)
(web services)
Information on
Information on
Project
Project
Developers/Experts,
Developers/Experts,
Financing sources,
Financing sources,
successful stories
successful stories
Expert Advice
Expert Advice
Local Desks
Local Desks
Case Studies
Case Studies
Contacts/Experts
Contacts/Experts
Organization
Organization
Investment support
Investment support
Links
Links
Documents
Documents
Tools
Tools
SANet
SANet
Technologies
Technologies
TT:CLEAR
TT:CLEAR
Expert advice
Investment support
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Networking technology centres
| Expanding to developing countries

Task 1: Extend the pilot network to cover three
selected national/regional technology information
centres in developing countries (Africa - Tunisia, Latin
America and the Caribbean - Belize, and Asia and the
Pacific - China)

Task 2: Exchange views among centres on technical,
organizational and financial aspects relating to the
networking technology information centres

Task 3: Assess the outcomes of the pilot project in
terms of technical feasibility and cost implications of
the networking technology centres in developing
countries and report on findings to SBSTA at its
consequent sessions.
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Networking technology centres
| Initial lessons learned (1)

Web services are a good option for establishing an information
sharing network. This technology is mature and flexible and
permits an effective exchange of information over the Internet with
acceptable delays for search engines and other applications.
Nevertheless, the response time should be tested with a node in a
developing country where the Internet bandwidth is smaller

Web services are relatively easy to develop and only modest
financial resources are needed to implement a network of
technology centres using them. Intuitive user’s interfaces can be
developed to allow advanced searches between the participating
nodes in the network

Web services and clients should be developed by each node.
Close cooperation is needed between the nodes in the
development phase to fine tune the services according to different
needs
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Networking technology centres
| Initial lessons learned (2)


It is expected that the network would increase the utilization in
each node. However, this may not always be the case and a
mechanism is needed to prevent nodes from copying information
from other nodes and making it available directly to their users
and to ensure that proper credits to the node providing the
information are given to users
Exchanging information between the centres could contribute to
harmonization of templates used for projects and expert
databases, helps develop a mechanism to share this type of
information and ensures an appropriate quality control system. It
could also harmonize the terminology used. The proposed
functional integration for matchmaking, may increase funding to
developing countries for technology transfer projects and
increase the use of local project developers and local experts. A
network may also allow for a better tracking of successful projects
and their contribution to mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate
change.
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What are the priority technology needs?

Synthesis of technology needs assessments (TNAs) –
FCCC/SBSTA/2006/INF.1:
 Highlights priority technology needs to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions and facilitate adaptation to the adverse impacts
of climate change based on information contained in 23 TNAs
and 25 initial national communications submitted by nonAnnex I Parties
 Draws attention to specific barriers to technology transfer and
suggests measures to address them, including through
capacity-building
 Highlights ways used to involve stakeholders in a consultative
process to conduct TNAs, including the methodologies and
criteria used to prioritize technology needs
Iulian Florin VLADU – Adaptation, Technology and Science
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Technology information
| Recommendations of future actions (1)

Maintain, update and further develop TT:CLEAR taking into
account relevant conclusions of the SBSTA at its twentieth
session and client surveys;

Enhance outreach activities by the secretariat to increase the
numbers of users of TT:CLEAR from developing country Parties;

Share experiences and lessons learned among national and
regional experts participating in the pilot project on TT:CLEAR
networking through the organization of expert meetings;

Use TT:CLEAR and the network of technology centres developed
through the current pilot programme to share technical
information on technologies for adaptation and the associated
capacity-building to meet the needs for technology information of
vulnerable communities and countries
Iulian Florin VLADU – Adaptation, Technology and Science
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Technology information
| Recommendations of future actions (1)

Encourage the link between TT:CLEAR and technical
information providers, including the private sector, in
technology transfer;

Encourage the organization of training programmes
and workshops by the secretariat in collaboration with
the EGTT and relevant national, regional and
international organizations for building capacity of
experts in the creation of their national technology
information databases;

Encourage Parties to provide more information on their
technology transfer activities in their national
communications.
Iulian Florin VLADU – Adaptation, Technology and Science
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EGTT | Work on networking

The work programme for 2006 included two activities
on technology information:
 Consider the outcomes of the pilot project on networking
between the UNFCCC technology information clearing house
(TT:CLEAR) and regional and national technology information
centres;
 Based upon the outcomes of the activity referred to in
subparagraph (a) above, consider ways and means to
enhance the capabilities of clean technology centres in
developing countries.

Due to delays in finalizing the work these activities will
be discussed at the next EGTT meeting
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EGTT 10 | Recommendations on networking

Expressed concern about the capabilities of the centres for
enhancing the dissemination of technology transfer information
through the current pilot network and recommended that UNEP
and the UNIDO, which have experience in working with clean
production centres, and UNDP, which has experience in capacitybuilding, be involved in this work

Emphasized the need for a client driven process of networking
technology centres, in particular building on the gaps and barriers
identified in the synthesis report on technology needs identified
by non-Annex I Parties

Noted that it will be necessary to assess the results of the pilot
project on networking between TT:CLEAR and regional and
national technology information centres against the initial
objectives, including alternative means of sharing information
between these centres before further expansion of the pilot
network
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Synthesis of TNAs
| Type of barriers identified by country
90
Infrasture
Others
Institutional
Regulatory
Human
Technical
Policy
Figure 12. Economic and market barriers
12
10
8
6
4
2
IPR issues
dominate
High transaction costs
Interests of large energy producers
High borrowing cost
technology
Weak currency
H igh costs compared to traditional
Lack of competition
Lack of access to credit
H igh upfront costs
0
Lack of markets
9 100
6 67
4 44
8 89
9 100
0
0
2 22
1 11
7 78
8 89
7 78
0
Consumers low income
5 56
9 100
9 100
10
Lack of incentives
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      
      
      
  
 
 
17 15 15 16 17 7 10
74 65 65 70 74 30 43
20
Information /
awareness















18
78
30
Incompatible prices, subsidies, tariffs















Total 19
Per cent 83
40
Economic /
market
9 100
6 67
8 89
5 56
2 22
8 89
8 89
0
0
50
High investment costs

    
  
     
      
  
  
      
60
Lack of financial resources








Per cent of Parties [%]








70
# of barriers
Albania
Azerbaijan
Bolivia
Burundi
Chile
China
Congo DR
Dominican
Republic
Ecuador
Georgia
Ghana
Haiti
Indonesia
Kenya
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Moldova
Niue
Paraguay
Tajikistan
Viet Nam
Zimbabwe
Figure 11. Type of barriers identified
80
Per cent
Country
Economic / market
Information /
awareness
Policy
Regulatory
Institutional
Human
Technical
Infrastructure
Others
Total
Table 9. Type of barriers identified by
country
Iulian Florin VLADU – Adaptation, Technology and Science
34
Synthesis of TNAs
| Measures identified to address barriers
30
20
10
Others
Human
0
Infrastructure
5 56
8 89
0
0
4 44
6 67
6 67
4 44
9 100
5 56
6 67
2 22
0
0
7 78
8 89
7 78
40
Technical
56
56
78
67
11
89
78
0
Institutional
     
  
        
      
    
    
      

     
     
       
        
   
 
  
Total 16 16 16 18 13 11 13 6 7
Percent 70 70 70 78 57 48 57 26 30
5
5
7
6
1
8
7
0
Economic /
market








50
Information /
awareness








60
Policy
   
   

   
      

  
      
70
Regulatory
Albania
Azerbaijan
Bolivia
Burundi
Chile
China
Congo DR
Dominican
Republic
Ecuador
Georgia
Ghana
Haiti
Indonesia
Kenya
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Moldova
Niue
Paraguay
Tajikistan
Viet Nam
Zimbabwe
80
Per cent of Parties[%]
Country
Figure 13. Common measures identified to
address barriers
90
Per cent
Economic / market
Information / awareness
Policy
Regulatory
Institutional
Human
Technical
Infrastructure
Others
Total
Table 10. Type of measures identified
by country
Iulian Florin VLADU – Adaptation, Technology and Science
35
Synthesis of TNAs
| Capacity-building needs
   
  
   

   
   
   
   
 
   
   
   
   
  
 
  
0
67
44
33
11
0
33
2
4
0
8
2
2
6
3
7
3
0
1
1
8
8
5
22
44
0
89
22
22
67
33
78
33
0
11
11
89
89
56
40
30
20
10
0
Others
















0
6
4
3
1
0
3
Infrastructu re







Regulatory
   
   
   

   
   

 

  
   
   
   


  
Total 7 14 9 7
Percent 30 61 39 30







Economic / market
 

 

 
 
 
Technical







Policy / programme
  

 
  
  
  
  
50
Institutional /
org aniztional







60
Information / awareness
Albania
Azerbaijan
Bolivia
Burundi
Chile
China
Congo DR
Dominican
Republic
Ecuador
Georgia
Ghana
Haiti
Indonesia
Kenya
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Moldova
Niue
Paraguay
Tajikistan
Viet Nam
Zimbabwe
70
Human
Country
Figure 14. Common capacity-building needs
Per cent of Parties [%]
Economic / market
Information / awareness
Policy / programme
Regulatory
Institutional /
organizational
Human
Technical
Infrastructure
Others
Total
Per cent
Table 11. Type of capacity-building
needs identified by country
10 16 8 3 3
43 70 35 13 13
Iulian Florin VLADU – Adaptation, Technology and Science
36
THANK YOU
Iulian Florin VLADU – Adaptation, Technology and Science
37