Slide 1

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 2

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 3

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 4

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 5

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 6

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 7

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 8

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 9

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 10

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 11

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 12

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 13

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 14

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 15

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 16

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 17

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 18

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 19

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

4 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

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Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

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Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

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Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

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Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

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Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

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Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

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Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

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Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1


Slide 20

Princess Sumaya Univ.
Electronic Engineering Dept.

3441
Industrial Instruments 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to Process Control
Dr. Bassam Kahhaleh

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Objective
Introduce the overall process-control loop,
its function, and its description.

2 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
The Process

3 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Human-Aided Control

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Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Principles
Automatic Control

5 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Process-Control Block Diagram
p

Control Element

e=r-b
r

∑

Controller

Process

−
b
Measurement

6 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

7 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Stability
Does the system become unstable, especially
after reacting to a disturbance or other
changes?



Steady-State Regulation
Transient Regulation

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Control System Evaluation
 Evaluation Criteria



Damped Response
Cyclic Response

8 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Analog & Digital Processing
 Data Representation





Analog Data
Digital Data (Binary)

Data Conversion




ADC
DAC
Resolution & Speed

9 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Control Element is either ON or OFF
 Relays



Mechanical
Solid-State

10 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

11 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical

Single Pole Single Touch

SPST

Single Pole Double Touch

SPDT

Double Pole Single Touch

DPST

Double Pole Double Touch

DPDT

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

12 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
NC

NC
+ 12 V

NO

NO

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

13 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF Control
 Relays


Mechanical
L

L

220 VAC

220 VAC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
ON/OFF
Control

14 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

15 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Analog Control
Controller

VQ
Heater
Q

Ve = Vr - VT

Vr

Error detector

∑

Oven

T

−
VT

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

16 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Supervisory Control
VQ

Ve = Vr - VT

Controller

∑ Error detector
−
VT

Vr

Q

Oven

T

Measurement

ADC

DAC

Heater

Computer

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

17 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Digital Control
 Direct Digital Control (DDC)
VQ
NQ

DAC

Q

Computer

NT

Oven

ADC

Heater

VT

T

Measurement

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

18 / 20

Introduction to Process Control
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
 Inputs & Outputs are AC level
L

L
PLC

N

N

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

Introduction to Process Control
Sensor Time Response
 First-Order Response
b (t ) = bi + (bf – bi ) [ 1 – e – t / ]


Second-Order Response
R (t )  Ro e – t sin (2  fn t )

19 / 20

Princess Sumaya University

3441 - Industrial Instruments 1

20 / 20

Introduction to Process Control

End of Chapter 1