Elements • Science has come along way since Aristotle’s theory of Air, Water, Fire, and Earth. • Scientists have identified 92 naturally occurring elements, and created about 28
Download ReportTranscript Elements • Science has come along way since Aristotle’s theory of Air, Water, Fire, and Earth. • Scientists have identified 92 naturally occurring elements, and created about 28
Slide 1
Slide 2
Elements
• Science has come along
way since Aristotle’s
theory of Air, Water, Fire,
and Earth.
• Scientists have identified
92 naturally occurring
elements, and created
about 28 others.
Slide 3
Slide 4
Elements
• The elements make
up everything.
• Hydrogen and Helium
make up more than
99.9% of matter in the
universe.
Slide 5
The most abundant element in the
earth’s crust is oxygen.
Slide 6
Organization
• The periodic table is a tool used to study
the elements.
• The elements are put on the periodic table
based on what their atoms looks like.
Slide 7
• Hydrogen is placed in the upper left corner
because it has only one electron in one
shell.
Alkali
Metals
Alkaline
Earth
Metals
Noble
Gases
Boron
Family
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
Family Family Family
Halides
Slide 8
• Helium is place in the same row because it
has only one shell, but it is put on the far
right because the shell is full making it a
noble gas.
Alkali
Metals
Alkaline
Earth
Metals
Noble
Gases
Boron
Family
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
Family Family Family
Halides
Slide 9
Slide 10
Properties of Metals
• Metals are good conductors
of heat and electricity.
• Metals are shiny.
• Metals are ductile (can be
stretched into thin wires).
• Metals are malleable (can be
pounded into thin sheets).
• A chemical property of metal
is its reaction with water
which results in corrosion.
Slide 11
Properties of Non-Metals
• Non-metals are poor
conductors of heat and
electricity.
• Non-metals are not
ductile or malleable.
• Solid non-metals are
brittle and break easily.
• They are dull.
• Many non-metals are
gases.
Sulfur
Slide 12
Properties of Metalloids
• Metalloids (metal-like) have
properties of both metals and
non-metals.
• They are solids that can be
shiny or dull.
• They conduct heat and
electricity better than nonmetals but not as well as
metals.
• They are ductile and
malleable.
Silicon
Slide 13
Slide 14
Energy Shells
• Elements in the same
period have the same
number of electron
energy shells.
\\
Slide 15
Slide 16
Valence Electrons
• The number electrons in the
outer shell of an atom are
valence electrons.
• Elements in the same group
have the same number of
valence electrons which
determine the properties of the
elements.
• These electrons are
transferred or shared when
atoms Alkali
bond together.
Metals
Alkaline
Earth
Metals
Boron
Family
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
Family Family Family
Noble
Gases
Halides
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Hydrogen
• Hydrogen is on top of the alkali metals, but it
is not a member of that family.
• Hydrogen is in a class of its own.
• It’s a gas at room temperature.
• It has one proton and one electron in its one
and only energy level.
• Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill up its
valence shell.
Slide 29
Alkali Metals
• The alkali family is found
in the first column of the
periodic table.
• Atoms of the alkali
metals have 1 valence
electron.
Slide 30
Alkali Metals
• They are the most
reactive metals.
• They react violently
with water.
• Alkali metals are
never found as free
elements in nature.
They are always
bonded with another
element.
Slide 31
Alkaline Earth Metals
• They are never found uncombined in nature.
• They have two valence electrons.
• Alkaline earth metals include magnesium and
calcium, among others.
Slide 32
Transition Metals
• Transition Elements
include those elements in
the B families.
• These are the metals you
are probably most
familiar: copper, tin, zinc,
iron, nickel, gold, and
silver.
• They are good
conductors of heat and
electricity.
Slide 33
Transition Metals
• Transition elements have 1 or 2 or 3 valence
electrons which they can move electrons in their
next-to-outermost level.
Slide 34
Boron Family
• Atoms in this family
have 3 valence
electrons.
• This family includes a
metalloid (boron), and
the rest are metals.
• This family includes the
most abundant metal in
the earth’s crust
(aluminum).
Slide 35
Carbon Family
• Atoms of this family have 4
valence electrons.
• The element carbon is
called the “basis of life.”
There is an entire branch
of chemistry devoted to
carbon compounds called
organic chemistry.
Slide 36
Nitrogen Family
• The nitrogen family is named
after the element that makes
up 78% of our atmosphere.
• Atoms in the nitrogen family
have 5 valence electrons.
They tend to share electrons
when they bond.
Slide 37
Oxygen Family
• Atoms of this family have 6
valence electrons.
• Most elements in this family
share electrons when
forming compounds.
• Oxygen is the most
abundant element in the
earth’s crust. It is extremely
active and combines with
almost all elements.
Slide 38
Halogen Family
• Halogens have 7 valence
electrons, which explains
why they are the most
active non-metals. They
are never found free in
nature.
Halogen atoms only need
to gain 1 electron to fill their
outermost energy level.
They react with alkali
metals to form salts.
Slide 39
Noble Gases
• Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive.
• One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. They
are inactive because their outermost energy level is full.
• All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's
atmosphere and they do not usually combine with other elements.
Slide 40
Rare Earth Elements
• The thirty rare earth
elements are composed
of the lanthanide and
actinide series.
• One element of the
lanthanide series and
most of the elements in
the actinide series are
called trans-uranium,
which means synthetic or
man-made.
Slide 2
Elements
• Science has come along
way since Aristotle’s
theory of Air, Water, Fire,
and Earth.
• Scientists have identified
92 naturally occurring
elements, and created
about 28 others.
Slide 3
Slide 4
Elements
• The elements make
up everything.
• Hydrogen and Helium
make up more than
99.9% of matter in the
universe.
Slide 5
The most abundant element in the
earth’s crust is oxygen.
Slide 6
Organization
• The periodic table is a tool used to study
the elements.
• The elements are put on the periodic table
based on what their atoms looks like.
Slide 7
• Hydrogen is placed in the upper left corner
because it has only one electron in one
shell.
Alkali
Metals
Alkaline
Earth
Metals
Noble
Gases
Boron
Family
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
Family Family Family
Halides
Slide 8
• Helium is place in the same row because it
has only one shell, but it is put on the far
right because the shell is full making it a
noble gas.
Alkali
Metals
Alkaline
Earth
Metals
Noble
Gases
Boron
Family
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
Family Family Family
Halides
Slide 9
Slide 10
Properties of Metals
• Metals are good conductors
of heat and electricity.
• Metals are shiny.
• Metals are ductile (can be
stretched into thin wires).
• Metals are malleable (can be
pounded into thin sheets).
• A chemical property of metal
is its reaction with water
which results in corrosion.
Slide 11
Properties of Non-Metals
• Non-metals are poor
conductors of heat and
electricity.
• Non-metals are not
ductile or malleable.
• Solid non-metals are
brittle and break easily.
• They are dull.
• Many non-metals are
gases.
Sulfur
Slide 12
Properties of Metalloids
• Metalloids (metal-like) have
properties of both metals and
non-metals.
• They are solids that can be
shiny or dull.
• They conduct heat and
electricity better than nonmetals but not as well as
metals.
• They are ductile and
malleable.
Silicon
Slide 13
Slide 14
Energy Shells
• Elements in the same
period have the same
number of electron
energy shells.
\\
Slide 15
Slide 16
Valence Electrons
• The number electrons in the
outer shell of an atom are
valence electrons.
• Elements in the same group
have the same number of
valence electrons which
determine the properties of the
elements.
• These electrons are
transferred or shared when
atoms Alkali
bond together.
Metals
Alkaline
Earth
Metals
Boron
Family
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen
Family Family Family
Noble
Gases
Halides
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
Hydrogen
• Hydrogen is on top of the alkali metals, but it
is not a member of that family.
• Hydrogen is in a class of its own.
• It’s a gas at room temperature.
• It has one proton and one electron in its one
and only energy level.
• Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill up its
valence shell.
Slide 29
Alkali Metals
• The alkali family is found
in the first column of the
periodic table.
• Atoms of the alkali
metals have 1 valence
electron.
Slide 30
Alkali Metals
• They are the most
reactive metals.
• They react violently
with water.
• Alkali metals are
never found as free
elements in nature.
They are always
bonded with another
element.
Slide 31
Alkaline Earth Metals
• They are never found uncombined in nature.
• They have two valence electrons.
• Alkaline earth metals include magnesium and
calcium, among others.
Slide 32
Transition Metals
• Transition Elements
include those elements in
the B families.
• These are the metals you
are probably most
familiar: copper, tin, zinc,
iron, nickel, gold, and
silver.
• They are good
conductors of heat and
electricity.
Slide 33
Transition Metals
• Transition elements have 1 or 2 or 3 valence
electrons which they can move electrons in their
next-to-outermost level.
Slide 34
Boron Family
• Atoms in this family
have 3 valence
electrons.
• This family includes a
metalloid (boron), and
the rest are metals.
• This family includes the
most abundant metal in
the earth’s crust
(aluminum).
Slide 35
Carbon Family
• Atoms of this family have 4
valence electrons.
• The element carbon is
called the “basis of life.”
There is an entire branch
of chemistry devoted to
carbon compounds called
organic chemistry.
Slide 36
Nitrogen Family
• The nitrogen family is named
after the element that makes
up 78% of our atmosphere.
• Atoms in the nitrogen family
have 5 valence electrons.
They tend to share electrons
when they bond.
Slide 37
Oxygen Family
• Atoms of this family have 6
valence electrons.
• Most elements in this family
share electrons when
forming compounds.
• Oxygen is the most
abundant element in the
earth’s crust. It is extremely
active and combines with
almost all elements.
Slide 38
Halogen Family
• Halogens have 7 valence
electrons, which explains
why they are the most
active non-metals. They
are never found free in
nature.
Halogen atoms only need
to gain 1 electron to fill their
outermost energy level.
They react with alkali
metals to form salts.
Slide 39
Noble Gases
• Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive.
• One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. They
are inactive because their outermost energy level is full.
• All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's
atmosphere and they do not usually combine with other elements.
Slide 40
Rare Earth Elements
• The thirty rare earth
elements are composed
of the lanthanide and
actinide series.
• One element of the
lanthanide series and
most of the elements in
the actinide series are
called trans-uranium,
which means synthetic or
man-made.