Transcript Chapter Introduction Section 1: Nationalism in the Middle East Section 2: Nationalism in Africa and Asia Section 3: Revolutionary Chaos in China Section 4: Nationalism in Latin America Visual.

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Nationalism in the
Middle East
Section 2: Nationalism in Africa
and Asia
Section 3: Revolutionary Chaos
in China
Section 4: Nationalism in Latin
America
Visual Summary
How can nationalism
affect a country?
Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas
sparked an era of change with policies
promoting land reforms and workers’
rights and limiting foreign investment—
all goals of the Mexican Revolution.
Known as the president who stood up
to the United States, Cárdenas seized
the property of foreign oil companies in
Mexico. In this chapter you will learn
how nationalist movements affected
individual nations.
• How did nationalism influence the
historical path of the world’s nations?
• How does patriotism influence the
behavior of Americans today?
Nationalism in the
Middle East
How did World War I
change the Middle East?
Nationalism in Africa
and Asia
How did many Africans
react to colonial powers
after World War I?
Revolutionary Chaos in
China
What was the result of
internal conflicts within
the nationalist movements
in China?
Nationalism in Latin
America
How did worldwide
economic conditions affect
Latin America?
The BIG Idea
Self-Determination After World War I, the quest for
national self-determination led to the creation of
Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. In the same period, the
Balfour Declaration supported the creation of a national
Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Content Vocabulary
• genocide
• ethnic cleansing
Academic Vocabulary
• legislature
• element
People and Places
• Abdülhamīd II
• Iran
• T. E. Lawrence
• Ibn Sa‘ūd
• Atatürk
• Saudi Arabia
• Tehran
• Palestine
• Reza Shah Pahlavi
All powerful empires eventually come
to an end.
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, which had been
steadily declining since the late 1700s,
finally ended after World War I.
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
• The Ottoman Empire began to decline in
the 1800s, with Greece winning its
independence.
(cont.)
• Many ethnic Turks wanted a Turkish state
that would encompass all people of Turkish
nationality. A group called Young Turks
wanted to depose Abdülhamīd II.
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
• With the help of T.E. Lawrence and Great
Britain, Arabia achieved its independence
from Ottoman rule.
(cont.)
• When the Christian Armenians began
pushing for independence, the Ottoman
government responded by killing Armenian
men and expelling women and children from
the empire.
Middle East, 1919–1935
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
(cont.)
• The Ottoman Turks led a policy of ethnic
cleansing, or genocide, against the
Christian Armenians, killing an estimated 1
million people.
• The Ottoman Empire collapsed toward the
end of World War I. Great Britain and France
made plans to divide the Ottoman territories
in the Middle East.
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
(cont.)
• Turkey remained under Ottoman control until
Mustafa Kemal organized an elected
government and a new Republic of Turkey.
Against which of the following groups
did the Ottoman Turks adopt a policy
of genocide?
A. Russians
B. Armenians
C. Muslims
D. Jews
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Middle East Changes
Turkey’s president Kemal changed the
political system and the Turkish
culture to create a modern state, while
government and economic reforms
changed Persia into the modern
country of Iran.
Middle East Changes (cont.)
• President Kemal, known as Atatürk, tried to
modernize Turkey and implemented a
democratic system.
• Atatürk eliminated many Arab elements
from Turkish culture in exchange for more
Western customs.
– The Turkish language was now written in
the Roman alphabet.
– Citizens had to adopt last names.
Middle East Changes (cont.)
– The caliphate was abolished as Turkish
society became more secular.
– Muslim men were forbidden to wear the
fez and Muslim women were forbidden to
wear the veil.
– All citizens were given the right to convert
to any religion.
Middle East Changes (cont.)
• Persian nationalists opposed to a foreign
presence in Persia led a revolt and seized
control of Tehran.
• In 1925 Reza Khan, leader of the
nationalists, declared himself shah and
became known as Reza Shah Pahlavi.
• Reza Shah Pahlavi followed Atatürk’s
example and introduced reforms to
modernize the government, military, and
economic system, but he did not attempt to
destroy the Islamic religion.
Middle East Changes (cont.)
• In 1935 Persia became the modern state of
Iran.
• After the Arabs broke free from Ottoman
control, a single Arab nation was not created.
Instead, Great Britain and France divided the
Ottoman Empire and ruled its parts as
mandates.
Middle East Changes (cont.)
• The Europeans determined the nations’
borders and divided the peoples. The people
did not have a strong identification with their
designated country, and a sense of Arab
nationalism remained.
• Reform leader Ibn Sa‘ūd united Arabs in the
northern part of the Arabian Peninsula and
established the kingdom of Saudi Arabia in
1932.
Middle East Changes (cont.)
• Western oil companies made Saudi Arabia
wealthy after the Standard Oil Company
struck oil on the Persian Gulf.
• Nationalism caused tensions between Jews
and Muslim Arabs in Palestine.
• Palestine was home to the Jews in antiquity
until they were forced into exile in the first
century A.D. Muslim Arabs replaced the Jews
and made up 80% of the region’s population.
Middle East Changes (cont.)
• A Zionist movement encouraged Jews to
return to Palestine to establish a Jewish
state.
• During World War I, Great Britain issued the
Balfour Declaration, which supported a
Jewish homeland in Palestine, but it also
added that this goal should not undermine
the rights of the non-Jewish peoples living
there.
Middle East Changes (cont.)
• In 1933 Hitler’s policies led many Jews to
seek refuge in Palestine, which resulted in
violence between Jewish and Muslim
inhabitants.
• In 1939 the British tried to end the violence
by declaring that only 75,000 Jewish people
would be allowed to immigrate to Palestine
over the next five years. This resulted in
deeper tensions and more bloodshed.
Which modern-day country did
Persia become?
A. Turkey
B. Iran
C. Saudi-Arabia
D. Palestine
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The BIG Idea
Self-Determination Nationalism led the people of
Africa and Asia to seek independence.
Content Vocabulary
• Pan-Africanism
• civil disobedience
• zaibatsu
Academic Vocabulary
• volunteer
• compensation
People and Places
• Kenya
• W.E.B. Du Bois
• Marcus Garvey
• Ho Chi Minh
• Mohandas Gandhi
• Mahatma
• Jawaharlal Nehru
• Manchuria
Do you think the exploitations of
colonization still affect Africa, Asia, and
India today?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
African Independence Movements
After World War I, many Africans
organized to end colonial rule in their
countries.
African Independence Movements (cont.)
• Opposition to colonial rule escalated and
Africans became more politically active after
World War I.
• In Nigeria, resistance was started by the king
of Lagos and the educated Africans who
wanted a democratic government.
• In Kenya, the British colonial government
took land from the black Africans
and gave it to white settlers.
Africa, 1919–1939
African Independence Movements (cont.)
• Libya used guerrilla warfare against the
Italians to gain more freedoms.
• W.E.B. Du Bois, an African American, led a
movement to make all Africans aware of
their heritage.
• Marcus Garvey, a Jamaican living in
Harlem, wanted to unite all Africans under a
movement called Pan-Africanism.
African Independence Movements (cont.)
• Jomo Kenyatta was educated in Great
Britain and argued that colonial rule was
destroying the traditional cultures of the
peoples of Africa.
• Léopold Senghor was educated in France,
wrote poetry about African culture, and
organized an independence movement in
Senegal.
African Independence Movements (cont.)
• Nnamdi Azikiwe of Nigeria started a
newspaper that urged nonviolence as a
method to gain independence.
What did African leaders who wanted to
become independent of colonial rule have
in common?
A. They fought in
World War I.
B. They were
educated abroad.
C. They spoke English.
D. They were philosophers.
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Revolution in Asia
In the 1920s, the Comintern helped to
spread communism throughout Asia.
Revolution in Asia (cont.)
• By the end of 1920, almost every colonial
society in Asia had a Communist Party.
• Lenin and the Bolsheviks proved that a
revolutionary Marxist party could overturn an
outdated system even in the mostly
agricultural nations of Asia.
• Agents were trained in Moscow and returned
to their own countries to form Marxist parties.
Revolution in Asia (cont.)
• Ho Chi Minh trained in Moscow and
returned to French Indochina to organize the
Vietnamese Communists.
• In China, the Communist party worked
together with the Nationalist Party to fight
against foreign control.
• Most of the Communist parties in the 1930s
failed to gain support among the majority of
the population.
What was the Comintern?
A. A worldwide organization of
Communist parties
B. A Communist revolution
0%
D
C
0%
A
D. A secret Communist
police force
A. A
B. B
C.0% C0%
D. D
B
C. A Communist newspaper
Indian Independence
Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal
Nehru led India’s independence
movement.
Indian Independence (cont.)
• Even before World War I, Mohandas
Gandhi was active in the Indian
independence movement. The Indian people
called him Mahatma, or India’s “Great Soul.”
• Gandhi organized mass protests against
British law using methods of civil
disobedience.
Indian Independence (cont.)
• In 1935 Britain passed the Government of
India Act, which created a two-house
parliament and granted the right to vote to
five million Indians. Two-thirds of the
parliament’s Indian members were to be
elected.
• The Indian National Congress (INC)
originally fought for reforms but later pushed
for full independence.
Indian Independence (cont.)
• Gandhi began a nonviolent campaign against
British laws by encouraging Indians to:
– Not pay their taxes
– Not send their children to Englishsupported schools
– Make their own cloth
– Harvest their own salt
– Boycott British-made goods
Indian Independence (cont.)
• The Indian independence movement
became divided and split into two paths:
− One group identified with Gandhi, religion,
and tradition.
− The other group identified with Jawaharlal
Nehru and his secular, Western, and
modern approach.
• Another division began to separate India when
Muslims became dissatisfied with the Hindudominated INC and created the Muslim
League.
Which of the following was illegal in
British-ruled India?
A. Preparing salt from
seawater
B. Making clothing
C. Speaking English
D. Selling traditional Indian
jewelry
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
A Militarist Japan
By the late 1920s, militant forces in
Japan were campaigning for an end to
peaceful policies.
A Militarist Japan (cont.)
• During the Meiji Era, Japan developed a
modern industrial and commercial sector.
• The four largest zaibatsu controlled large
percentages of Japanese industries.
Economic inequalities existed as a result of
the zaibatsus’ concentration of wealth.
• Rapid population growth, food shortages,
and the Great Depression led to a wish to
return to traditional Japanese values.
A Militarist Japan (cont.)
• Traditionalists opposed Western influence
and wanted Japan to use its own strength to
dominate Asia and meet its needs.
• In 1922 the United States held a conference
with other Western nations and signed a
treaty recognizing the territorial integrity of
China and maintaining the Open Door policy.
• Japan agreed to the terms in return for
acceptance of its control of southern
Manchuria.
A Militarist Japan (cont.)
• The Japanese government soon came under
pressure to find new sources for raw
materials abroad.
• Without government approval, an extremist
group of army officers invaded and
eventually conquered all of Manchuria.
• The government was soon dominated by the
military and other supporters of Japanese
expansionism.
A Militarist Japan (cont.)
• Education and culture were purged of
Western ideas, traditional values were
stressed, and all political parties were
merged into the Imperial Rule Assistance
Association.
What is a zaibatsu?
A. A powerful shogun
B. A group of samurai
warriors
C. Japanese nobility
D. A large financial
corporation
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The BIG Idea
Order and Security During the 1920s, two men,
Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, struggled to lead a
new Chinese state.
Content Vocabulary
• guerrilla tactics
• redistribution of wealth
Academic Vocabulary
• cease
• eventually
People, Places, and Events
• Shanghai
• Sun Yat-sen
• Chang Jiang
• Chiang Kai-shek
• Shanghai Massacre
• Nanjing
• Mao Zedong
• People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
Have you ever had to put aside your
differences to play on a team or work in a
group with someone you didn’t trust?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Nationalists and Communists
Cooperating to drive the imperialists
from China, the Nationalists and
Communists then fought one another
fiercely for the right to rule China.
Nationalists and Communists (cont.)
• The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was
organized in Shanghai by a group of young
radicals and several faculty members from
Beijing University in 1921.
• The CCP and the Nationalist Party, led by
Sun Yat-sen, put aside their mutual distrust
and worked together to expel imperialists
from China.
Nationalists and Communists (cont.)
• The two parties formed a revolutionary army
and took control of all of China south of the
Chang Jiang.
• General Chiang Kai-shek succeeded Sun
Yat-sen as leader of the Nationalist Party in
1925.
• Chiang turned against the Communists
and killed thousands of them in
what became known as the
Shanghai Massacre.
China, 1926–1937
Nationalists and Communists (cont.)
• In 1928 Chiang formed a new Chinese
republic at Nanjing and spent the next three
years trying to unify China.
• Mao Zedong believed that a Chinese
Revolution could be successful with the
support of the peasants in the rural areas.
Mao used guerrilla tactics to combat the
Nationalists.
Nationalists and Communists (cont.)
• Mao’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
began the Long March to the only
Communist base in northwest China. Only
9,000 of the 90,000 who left the base at
Jiangxi survived the journey, and many
believed the threat of Communism was over.
Which tactic did Mao Zedong use to
compete with the superior forces of
Chiang Kai-shek?
A. Civil disobedience
B. Propaganda
C. Trench warfare
D. Guerrilla warfare
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The New China
Chiang Kai-shek was committed to
building a new China with a republican
government.
The New China (cont.)
• China was weakened economically, politically,
and socially by civil war.
• The cultural and economic gap was widening
between the Westernized middle class, who
supported Chiang, and poverty-stricken
peasants in the countryside.
• Chiang and his wife set up a “New Life
Movement” to promote traditional Confucian
social ethics and reject what they saw as the
excessive individualism and material greed of
Western capitalist values.
The New China (cont.)
• Chiang’s successes:
– Massive road-building and railroad projects
– Built new Chinese-owned factories
– Established a national bank
– Improved the education system
– Westerners ended their leases and returned
the customs service to China.
The New China (cont.)
• Chiang’s failures:
– Land reform program had little effect
– No programs focused on a redistribution
of wealth.
– The poor did not experience any
improvements under Chiang’s rule.
– Government did not respect free
expression and suppressed all opposition.
Chiang Kai-shek found most of his
support from which of the following
groups?
A. Peasants
B. Urban middle class
C. Intellectuals
D. Political moderates
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The BIG Idea
Order and Security In Latin America, the Great
Depression made politics unstable, and in many cases,
military dictatorships were the result.
Content Vocabulary
• oligarchy
Academic Vocabulary
• investor
• establish
People, Places, and Events
• Argentina
• Hipólito Irigoyen
• Chile
• Getúlio Vargas
• Brazil
• Institutional Revolutionary
Party (PRI)
• Peru
• Mexico
• Juan Vicente Gómez
• Good Neighbor policy
• Lázaro Cárdenas
• PEMEX
• Diego Rivera
Should a government get involved in the
politics of another country to protect the
interests of private businesses and foreign
investments?
A. Yes
A. A
B. B
A
0%
0%
B
B. No
The Latin American Economy
During the 1920s and 1930s, foreign
investments and the Great Depression
led some Latin American nations to
emphasize domestic industry to
balance their economies.
The Latin American Economy (cont.)
• Many Latin American nations focused on the
export of one or two products.
– Argentina: beef and wheat
– Chile: nitrates and copper
– Brazil and Caribbean nations: sugar
– Central America: bananas
Latin America, 1939
The Latin American Economy (cont.)
• By the 1920s, the United States became the
largest investor in Latin America, replacing
Great Britain.
• American firms gained control of coppermining industries in Chile and Peru and the
oil industry in Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia.
• U.S. businesses sometimes supported harsh
dictators, such as Juan Vicente Gómez, to
protect their investments.
The Latin American Economy (cont.)
• President Franklin Delano Roosevelt created
the Good Neighbor Policy, rejecting the
use of U.S. military force in Latin America on
principle.
• As a result of the Great Depression, U.S.
and European countries imported fewer
goods from Latin American nations,
devastating their economies.
The Latin American Economy (cont.)
• Latin Americans could not afford to import
manufactured goods from abroad, so
governments began to encourage new
manufacturing businesses.
• Individuals did not have the money to start
new businesses, leading many countries to
set up government-run companies.
Selected Nationalist Movements
in the Early Twentieth Century
What did the United States do as a result of
the Good Neighbor policy in Latin America?
A. Withdrew U.S.
military forces
0%
B
A
0%
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
A.
B.
C. Established free trade
C.
D. Supported democratic governments
D.
C
B. Loaned governments
large amounts of money
Authoritarian Rule
In most Latin American countries, a
small group of church leaders, military
leaders, and large landowners
controlled politics.
Authoritarian Rule (cont.)
• In the 1930s the Depression and domestic
instability led many governments in Latin
America to become militaristic or
authoritarian.
• Argentina
– Argentina was controlled by an oligarchy
of landowners who made large profits from
cattle and wheat exports.
Authoritarian Rule (cont.)
– The middle-class Radical Party, under
Hipólito Irigoyen, became concerned with
the increasing power of the industrial workers.
– Irigoyen eventually became corrupt and
was overthrown by military officers who
wanted to stop industrialization and return to
the old export economy.
– During World War II, military officers formed
a new government called the Group of
United Officers and elected Juan Perón as
president.
Authoritarian Rule (cont.)
• Brazil
– Large landowners who became rich from
coffee plantation revenues controlled the
republican government in Brazil.
– In 1930 a military coup made Getúlio
Vargas president of Brazil.
– In 1937 Vargas made himself a dictator
and ruled as an authoritarian with some
fascist like features.
Authoritarian Rule (cont.)
– Vargas focused on new industries which
made Brazil Latin America’s chief
industrial power.
– The military forced Vargas to resign in
1945.
Authoritarian Rule (cont.)
• Mexico
– The Mexican Revolution reduced the
power of landowners and created a
relatively stable political order.
– The Institutional Revolutionary Party, or
PRI, controlled the major groups within
Mexican society and chose the party’s
presidential candidate.
Authoritarian Rule (cont.)
– In 1934 President Lázaro Cárdenas gained
enormous support when he redistributed 44
million acres of land to landless Mexican
peasants and took a strong stand with the
United States over oil.
– Cardenas seized foreign-owned oil
companies, infuriating the United States,
which did not intervene because of the
Good Neighbor Policy.
Authoritarian Rule (cont.)
– The Mexican government paid the oil
companies for their property and set up
PEMEX, a national oil company, to run the
oil industry.
Which Latin American country seized
control of the oil fields that were owned by
U.S. and British oil companies?
A. Argentina
0%
D
0%
A
D. Peru
A
B
0%
C
D
C
C. Mexico
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
B. Brazil
Culture in Latin America
Latin American artists adapted the
styles of European modern art to
express themes relevant to their own
culture.
Culture in Latin America (cont.)
• New European art styles began to influence
Latin American art when artists studying
abroad brought back modern techniques.
• In major cities, wealthy elites became
interested in the new styles, such as abstract
art.
Culture in Latin America (cont.)
• Many writers and artists, such as Diego
Rivera, used their work to promote
nationalism.
• Rivera wanted people to remember Mexico’s
past, especially the Mexican Revolution.
Which of the following artists wanted
people to remember Mexico’s past?
A. Carlos Merida
B. Gunther Gerzso
0%
D
A
0%
C
D. Diego Rivera
A. A
B. B
0%
C. 0%
C
D. D
B
C. Roberto Matta
THE MIDDLE EAST AND CHINA
Influenced by Nationalism and
Revolution
• The Ottoman Empire ended
after World War I.
• Modernization and nationalist
movements helped Turkey, Iran,
and Saudi Arabia become
modern states.
• In China, the Nationalist and Communist Parties formed
a brief alliance to drive out imperialists.
• After the alliance split in China, the Communists went
into hiding, and Chiang Kai-shek tried to build a republic.
AFRICA AND ASIA Influenced
by Nationalism
• Nationalism led Africa and Asia to seek
independence from colonial rule.
• Comintern spread Marxist ideas to Asia, resulting
in Communist parties in all colonies.
• India’s independence
movement split into two paths,
led by Gandhi and Nehru.
• Japan moved from a
democratic government
to a militaristic state.
LATIN AMERICA Influenced
by Nationalism
• Latin American nationalists resented
foreign investors and viewed them
as imperialist powers.
• The Great Depression devastated
Latin America’s economy and
created instability.
• Turmoil led to military dictatorships
and authoritarian rule by small groups.
• Artists combined European modern art with their
native culture, often promoting a national spirit.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
Chapter Transparency
Unit Time Line Transparency
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Select a transparency to view.
genocide
the deliberate mass murder or
physical extinction of a particular
racial, political, or cultural group
ethnic cleansing
a policy of killing or forcibly removing
an ethnic group from its lands; used
by the Serbs against the Muslim
minority in Bosnia
legislature
an organized body that makes laws
element
a distinct group within a larger group
Pan-Africanism
the unity of all black Africans,
regardless of national boundaries
civil disobedience
refusal to obey laws that are
considered to be unjust
zaibatsu
in the Japanese economy, a large
financial and industrial corporation
volunteer
in the military, one who serves of his
own free will
compensation
payment
guerrilla tactics
the use of unexpected maneuvers
like sabotage and subterfuge to
fight an enemy
redistribution of wealth
the shifting of wealth from a rich
minority to a poor majority
cease
to come to an end
eventually
in the end
oligarchy
“the rule of the few,” a form of
government in which a select group of
people exercises control
investor
a person or entity that commits
money to earn a financial return
establish
to set up permanently; to found
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