Transcript Land Use Change of Forest to Oil Palm 2004-2008 in Peninsular Malaysia : The Impact of Agricultural Cropland Conversion by Azhar Ishak Weather Modification Division Malaysian.

Land Use Change of Forest to Oil Palm 2004-2008
in Peninsular Malaysia : The Impact of Agricultural
Cropland Conversion
by
Azhar Ishak
Weather Modification Division
Malaysian Meteorological Department
Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI)
ASIA Geospatial Forum
Theme: Regional Response to Global Challenges and Opportunities
24-26 September 2013, PWTC, Kuala Lumpur
Outline
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Introduction
Study Area
Data
Methodology
Result
Conclusion
Introduction
CLIMATE
•Oil palm is best suited and commonly grown in humid
tropical climatic regions where rain is abundant throughout the
entire year
•Rainfall requirement for optimal yield/hector ~ 2000mm to
2500mm (Goh, 2000)
•The best annual mean temperature ranges from 24–28°C.
(R.H.V. Corley, P.B. Tinker, 2003).
•Mean RH ~ 75% and a high light intensity with at least 5
hours of sunshine per day in all months of the year and rising
to 7 hours per day in some months; or solar radiation of around
15MJ/m2 per day (Hartley, C. W. S., 1988).
Introduction
Oil Palm Production
• Malaysia is currently the world's second largest producer and exporter
of palm oil after Indonesia : Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005
(FAO, 2006)
• The average yield of palm oil ~ 4.2tha- 1 year
-1,
with yields, greatly
exceeding vegetable oils such as rapeseed and soybean that produce
only 1.2 and 0.4tha- 1 year -1 respectively (Fairhurst and Mutert, 1999).
Indonesia produced the largest crude palm oil (CPO) production in
the world with 18.3 million tons, while Malaysia produced 17.7 million
tons (USDA, 2008b).
•
Problem Statement : On-going expansion of oil palm
plantations is due to LUC of forest conversion
• Concern/debating by international organizations /media/ environmental
campaigners and NGOs
• sustainably developed or not ? rapid increase in consumption of dietary oils
and fats in the developing economies of China and India (Fairhurst and
Mutert, 1999)
• triggering deforestation ? /logging over forest
• loss of biodiversity ?
• peat land degradation ?
• high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Greenpeace, 2011 and WWF,
2011). ? growing demand of oil for food industrial processes but also
demand for biofuel
• but little is known about the extent to which different land types were
converted to palm oil production on a national scale (Birka Wicke et al.,
2011).
Study Area: Peninsular Malaysia
( 11 states total area of 13,181,632 hectares)
PERLIS
KEDAH
PULAU PINANG
KELANTAN
TERENGGANU
PERAK
PAHANG
SELANGOR
WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN KUALA LUMPUR
WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN PUTRAJAYA
NEGERI SEMBILAN
MELAKA
JOHOR
Data/Methodology
• satellite imagery SPOT 5, with 2.5m spatial resolution in 2004 and
2008 for Peninsular Malaysia provided by the Soil Resource
Management and Conservation Division, Department of Agriculture
(DOA), Malaysia with surveyed and verified ground truthing.
• supervised image classification processing technique was used
• raster to vector layer map conversion of land use for both years
(shape files format of ESRI ArcGIS 10.1)
• Only the oil palm layer map in 2008 was extracted since this layer
are to be intersected (spatial analysis tool in GIS defined as
intersection (∩) of 2 attributes ) with the rest of land use for 2004
(agricultural cropland / forest) to give the areas that have been
converted to oil palm in 2008.
Methodology
Oil Palm planted 2004 (2,669,298ha )
PERLIS
KEDAH
PULAU PINANG
KELANTAN
TERENGGANU
PERAK
PAHANG
SELANGOR
WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN KUALA LUMPUR
NEGERI SEMBILAN
MELAKA
JOHOR
Oil Palm planted 2008 (2,829,085ha)
PERLIS
KEDAH
PULAU PINANG
KELANTAN
TERENGGANU
PERAK
PAHANG
SELANGOR
WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN KUALA LUMPUR
NEGERI SEMBILAN
MELAKA
JOHOR
RESULTS : Total land area for the States of Peninsular Malaysia, Oil Palm
Planted in 2004 and 2008 and Forest Areas in 2004
State
Total Land
(ha)
Oil Palm
2004 (ha)
Oil Palm
2008 (ha)
Diff (20082004) (ha)
% diff Forest 2004
(ha)
Terengganu
1,294,816
184,972
198,207
13,235
7.2
903,098
Perak
2,096,589
375,259
408,832
33,573
8.9
1,297,856
Pahang
3,592,303
689,162
757,269
68,107
9.9
2,508,620
Kelantan
1,502,600
100,435
127,452
27,017
26.9
1,038,749
Kedah
946,743
80,626
88,051
7,425
9.2
434,995
Johor
1,907,693
821,302
828,362
7,060
0.9
789,199
Selangor
795,780
191,657
182,342
-9,315
-4.9
445,753
N Sembilan
665,313
159,971
168,429
8,458
5.3
298,912
Perlis
81,429
453
380
-73
-16.1
19,880
Penang
104,354
17,048
16,470
-578
-3.4
45,751
Melaka
165,414
48,219
53,069
4,850
10.1
40,718
Total land of States
13,153,034
2,669,104
2,828,863
159,759
6.0
Federal Territory
28,598
194
222
28
14.4
Total land of
Peninsular Malaysia
13,181,632
2,669,298
2,829,085
159,787
6.0
7,823,531
24,995
7,848,526
Intersection of Oil Palm 2008 with Land Use 2004
Oil Palm
2008∩
Oil Palm
2004 (ha)
Oil Palm
2008 ∩
Forest
2004(ha)
% wrt total
forest land
in 2004 in
individual
states
(Table 1)
Other
Agricultural
cropland
2004
(ha)
Oil Palm
2008 ∩
Other
Agricultural
cropland
2004(ha)
Terengganu
177,476
11,470
1.27
153,830
9,055
5.9
39,818
22
0.06
Perak
357,465
28,613
2.20
354,734
22,480
6.3
32,339
19
0.06
Pahang
672,312
52,857
2.11
354,824
31,921
9.0
5,519
5
0.09
Kelantan
97,531
26,546
2.56
342,177
3,067
0.9
2,809
10
0.36
Kedah
77,284
2,417
0.56
417,191
8,224
2.0
8,833
1
0.01
Johor
768,506
33,575
4.25
257,433
25,818
10.0
15,100
202
1.34
Selangor
170,775
5,257
1.18
136,932
6,253
4.6
8,284
32
0.39
N Sembilan
145,921
5,959
1.99
203,086
16,518
8.1
1,250
7
0.56
Perlis
281
11
0.06
59,242
85
0.1
1,309
0
0.00
Penang
15,334
184
0.40
39,313
925
2.4
370
0
0.00
Melaka
46,915
519
1.27
75,314
5,569
7.4
646
0
0.00
Total
Federal
Territory
Total for
P. Malaysia
2,529,800
167,408
2.14
2,394,076
129,915
5.4
116,277
298
0.26
145
24
0.10
574
97
16.9
1,016
0
0.00
2,529,945
167,432
2.13
2,394,650
130,012
5.4
117,293
298
0.25
States
%
Water
Bodies
2004(ha)
Oil
Palm
2008 ∩
Water
Bodies
2004
(ha)
%
Intersection of Oil Palm in 2008 with Other Agricultural
Crop Types in 2004
Crop Types 2004 (ha)
Oil Palm 2008 ∩
%
Crop Types 2004
Tea
Orchard
Shifting Cultivation
Other Crops
Horticulture
Mixed Crops
Rubber
Coconut
Cocoa
Paddy
Sugarcane
3,000
50,946
7,202
45,849
16,950
361,420
1,394,876
108,676
6,164
373,868
23,695
348
5,713
327
4,679
1,536
3,985
99,456
9,731
996
2,705
536
11.6
11.2
4.5
10.2
9.1
1.1
7.1
9.0
16.2
0.7
2.3
Total Agricultural Crops
2,394,650
130,012
5.4
Detailed Conversion of Other Agricultural Cropland in 2004 to Oil Palm in
2008 for the state of Johor, Pahang and Perak in Peninsular Malaysia
PERAK
PAHANG
JOHOR
Detailed Conversion of Other Agricultural Cropland in 2004 to Oil Palm in
2008 for several states in Peninsular Malaysia
Crop Types 2004
(State: JOHOR)
OP 2008 ∩ Crops
2004
%
Tea
238
134
56.3
Orchard
14,999
2,739
18.3
Shifting Cultivation
23
3
13.0
Other crops
4,745
751
15.8
Horticulture
5229
930
17.8
Mixed Crops
45,165
1,439
3.2
Rubber
156,733
16,378
10.4
Coconut
27,462
3,260
11.9
Cocoa
537
165
30.7
Paddy
2,242
18
0.8
Sugarcane
60
1
1.7
Total Crops (ha)
257,433
25,818
10.0
Detailed Conversion of Other Agricultural Cropland in 2004 to Oil Palm in
2008 for several states in Peninsular Malaysia
Crop Types 2004
OP 2008 ∩ Crops
2004
%
(State: PAHANG)
Tea
Orchard
Shifting Cultivation
Other crops
Horticulture
Mixed Crops
2,150
14,318
3,597
3,556
7,134
5,198
203
1,364
296
354
442
457
9.4
9.5
8.2
9.9
6.2
0.9
Rubber
Coconut
Cocoa
253,519
2,907
3,581
27,816
186
445
11.0
6.4
12.4
Paddy
Sugarcane
11,966
104
335
23
2.8
22.1
Total Crops (ha)
354,824
31,921
9.0
Detailed Conversion of Other Agricultural Cropland in 2004 to Oil
Palm in 2008 for several states in Peninsular Malaysia
Crop Types 2004 (State: PERAK)
Tea
Orchard
Shifting Cultivation
Other crops
Horticulture
Mixed Crops
Rubber
Coconut
Cocoa
Paddy
Sugarcane
Total Crops (ha)
323
4,346
2,155
16,768
1,304
47,459
200,544
30,836
47
50,912
40
354,734
OP 2008 ∩ Crops 2004
%
0
146
27
2,345
46
1,111
14,681
3,378
12
724
10
22,480
0.0
3.4
1.3
14.0
3.5
2.3
7.3
11.0
25.5
1.4
25.0
6.3
102°0'0"E
103°0'0"E
104°0'0"E
4°0'0"N
4°0'0"N
3°0'0"N
3°0'0"N
2°0'0"N
2°0'0"N
102°0'0"E
103°0'0"E
104°0'0"E
Reduction of rubber to oil palm (ha) from
2004 to 2008 in Peninsular Malaysia
Land conversion of rubber 2004 to
oil palm 2008, largest in the state
of Pahang (27,816ha), Johor
(16,378ha) and Negeri Sembilan
(15,995ha)
Conclusion
• It is demonstrated that between 2004 and 2008, 167,432ha or
2.1% of total forest areas in Peninsular Malaysia was
converted to oil palm while 130,012ha or 5.4% of total
agricultural cropland was replaced by oil palm.
• This agricultural cropland replacement to some extent
indicates that the expansion of oil palm cultivation areas in
Peninsular Malaysia is not due primarily to deforestation or
conversion of forest alone as is being claimed by
environmental campaigners but is also caused by conversion
of agricultural cropland such as rubber, coconut, cocoa and
minor crops
Thank You