The

Periodic

Unit 5 Chapter 5

Table

Play Me 1 Play Me 2

Organizing the elements

• Dimitri Mendeleev • Henry Moseley • Glenn Seaborg

I.

Dimitri Mendeleev

Bonus Russian chemist Bonus Published his first periodic table in 1872 A.

B.

C.

Arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass Placed elements with similar properties in columns Predicted the existence of unknown elements

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table in Russian

II.

Bonus

Henry Moseley

English Physicist A.

B.

C.

Defined the atomic number (1911) Arranged the elements according to their atomic number Developed the modern periodic table based on the

periodic law

.

III.

The Periodic Law

• The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.

Elements are in order of atomic number.

(Moseley) Periodically, due to the element’s properties, a new row is started.

(Mendeleev)

Bonus: Glenn Seaborg

• • • • American Nuclear Chemist Predicted the Actinide series (elements 89-102) in 1944 Worked on the Manhattan Atomic Bomb Project Discovered many new radioactive elements

The Modern Periodic Table

• Groups and periods • Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids • Periodic trends

I.

Groups (columns)

A.

B.

C.

There are 18 groups, 8 are known as representative groups (“A” columns) Elements in a group have similar properties Groups are also called families

1 2

Groups

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1A 2A

Representative Groups

3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A

II.

Periods (rows)

A.

B.

C.

There are 7 periods The First element in a period is a very reactive metal The last element in a period is an unreactive nonmetal

Very reactive metal

(hydrogen is not a metal)

5 6 7 1 2 3 4

Periods

Very unreactivce nonmetal

III.

Metals

A.

Are located to the left of the zigzag line 5 B 14 Si 32 Ge 33 As 51 Sb 52 Te 84 Po 85 At

B.

Properties of metals 1.

Most are shiny silver or gray in color 2.

Good conductors of heat and electricity 3.

Ductile: can be drawn out into wires 4.

High melting points 5.

Malleable 6.

Almost all are solid at room temperature

IV.

Nonmetals

A.

Are located to the right of the zigzag line 7 N Elements in Nonmetals 5 B 14 Si 32 Ge 33 As 51 Sb 52 Te 84 Po 85 At

B.

Properties of nonmetals 1.

Dull and different colors 2.

Poor conductors of heat and electricity 3.

Low melting points 4.

Brittle 5.

Can be found as solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature. (many are gas)

V.

Metalloids

A.

B.

C.

Border the zigzag line Have properties of both metals and nonmetals Used as semiconductors in electronics 5 B Elements in Metalloids 5 B 14 Si 32 Ge 33 As 51 Sb 52 Te 84 Po 85 At

VI.

Periodic Trends

A.

1.

2.

Valence Electrons Electrons in the outer energy level Representative elements left to right: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 valence electron This atom has how many valence electrons?

4

1 2 Representative Group Valence Electrons 3 4 5 6 7 8

B.

1.

2.

3.

Oxidation numbers Charge of the ion formed Representative elements from left to right: +1, +2, +3, (+/-) 4, -3, -2, -1, 0

Why? - Atoms with 8 e- in the outer energy level are STABLE.

(except first energy level)

Hey, I gained one e . My charge and oxidation number are both -1

Bromine ion

Representative Group Oxidation Numbers +1 +2 +3 +/ 4 -3 -2 -1 0

C.

1.

Size of the atoms Size decreases from left to right due to more attractive forces lithium 3 p + 3 e boron 5 p + 5 e nitrogen 7 p + 7 e fluorine 9 p + 9 e -

2.

Size increases from top to bottom due to more occupied energy levels hydrogen 1 occupied energy level lithium 2 occupied energy levels sodium 3 occupied energy levels

Size Trends of the Elements

Element Groupings

I.

Alkali Metals

A.

B.

C.

D.

Group 1A on the periodic table Are extremely reactive Have one valence electron Reactivity increases from top to bottom.

II.

Alkaline Earth Metals

A.

B.

C.

D.

Group 2A on the periodic table Are moderately reactive Have two valence electrons Ca and Mg are important biologically in construction and transportation

III.

Transition Metals

A.

B.

C.

Found between groups 2A and 3A Properties vary Form brightly colored compounds

IV.

Boron Family

A.

B.

C.

Group 3A on the periodic table Members have 3 valence electrons Aluminum is the most abundant metal on Earth. Third overall.

V.

Carbon Family

A.

B.

C.

D.

Group 4A on the periodic table Members have 4 valence electrons Carbon containing compounds drive life on earth. (organic) Si is the 2 nd earth most abundant element on

VI.

Nitrogen Family

A.

B.

C.

D.

Group 5A on the periodic table Members have 5 valence electrons Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the earth’s atmosphere N and P are essential for plant growth

VII.

Oxygen Family

A.

B.

C.

D.

Group 6A on the periodic table Members have 6 valence electrons Oxygen combines with metals to form oxides (rust). It is moderately reactive.

Most abundant element on earth is oxygen.

VIII.

Halogens

(salt formers)

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

Group 7A on the periodic table Members have 7 valence electrons Combine with metals to form salts Most reactive of the nonmetals Reactivity decreases from top to bottom.

IX.

Noble Gases

A.

B.

C.

D.

Group 8A on the periodic table Members have 8 valence electrons (except He).

Are extremely nonreactive or inert Are odorless and colorless

X.

Rare Earth Elements

A.

B.

C.

Lanthanide Series- elements 57-70 Actinide Series- elements 89-102 Many are not natural and radioactive

That’s All Folks

Metals

A.

Are located to the left of the zigzag line 5 B 14 Si 32 Ge 33 As 51 Sb 52 Te 84 Po 85 At

B.

Properties of metals 1.

Most are shiny silver or gray in color 2.

Good conductors of heat and electricity 3.

Ductile: can be drawn out into wires 4.

High melting points 5.

Malleable 6.

Almost all are solid at room temperature

Nonmetals

A.

Are located to the right of the zigzag line 7 N Elements in Nonmetals 5 B 14 Si 32 Ge 33 As 51 Sb 52 Te 84 Po 85 At

B.

Properties of nonmetals 1.

Dull and different colors 2.

Poor conductors of heat and electricity 3.

Low melting points 4.

Brittle 5.

Can be found as solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature. (many are gas)

Metalloids

A.

B.

C.

Border the zigzag line Have properties of both metals and nonmetals Used as semiconductors in electronics 5 B Elements in Metalloids 5 B 14 Si 32 Ge 33 As 51 Sb 52 Te 84 Po 85 At