Institute of Meteorology and Water Management New Meteorological Satellites – selected applications for agrometeorology PIOTR STRUZIK IMWM Kraków.
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Institute of Meteorology and Water Management New Meteorological Satellites – selected applications for agrometeorology PIOTR STRUZIK IMWM Kraków Presentation outline: 1. Meteorological satellite system – actual status and near future in Europe. 2. MSG and EPS satellite systems and their applications in agriculture: - surface temperature, - soil moisture, - vegetation (including forest fires), - solar radiation. 3. Future satellite missions. 4. Conclusions. MSG in EUMETSAT’s overall Satellite Systems 96 METEOSAT 97 98 99 00 01 02 Operational S/C (until June 1998) Meteosat-7 MSG MSG-1 MSG-2 MSG-3 MSG-4 (TBC) EPS METOP-1 METOP-2 METOP-3 04 05 06 07 Hot stand by (at 10° East, until 14/1/98) IODC (63° East) Meteosat-5 Meteosat-6 03 08 09 10 11 Operational Approved Fuel margin Available 12 MSG EUMETSAT Applications Ground Segment EPS/Metop Data acquisition and control Pre-processing EUMETSAT HQ Direct read-out service HRPT Applications Ground Segment Products extraction EUMETSAT HQ Centralised processing and generation of products Unified Meteorological Archive and Retrieval Facility (U-MARF) EUMETSAT HQ USERS SATELLITE APPLICATION FACILITIES Decentralised processing and generation of products MSG Solutions Temporal resolution: 15 minutes instead of 30 minutes Spatial sampling at sub-satellite point: 3 km (1 km HR VIS) instead of 5 km (2.5 km VIS) More channels: 1 HR VIS, 2 VIS, 1 near IR, 4 IR windows, 2 WV, 1 Ozone and 1 CO2 Exploitation of data separated into general processing centrally by EUMETSAT and specialised processing by specific centres (SAF) MSG 1 km Resolution MSG 3 km Resolution Meteosat IR Resolution Meteosat IR Channel ~ 5 km Meteosat VIS Channel ~ 2.5 km IMPROVED SPATIAL SAMPLING WITH THE HRV CHANNEL (Example: 4 December 2002, 12:30 UTC) MSG HRV channel ~ 1 km EUMETSAT SAF activities related to agrometeorology: • NWC SAF • Land SAF • Climatological SAF • Hydrological SAF (in creation process) Types of activities: •Operational products •Software packages SW Packages for Users SEVIRI Cloud Mask Cloud Type Cloud Top Temp. & Height Precipitating Clouds Convective Rainfall Rate Total Precipitable Water Layer Precipitable Water Stability Analysis Imagery High Resolution Winds Aut. Sat. Image Interpr. Rapid Dev. Thunderstorms Air Mass Analysis Improved Obs. Operators (for AMVs) Geostationary Rad. Assimilation AAPP AVHRR/AMSU/MHS/HIRS Improved and extended Cloud Mask versions for annual Cloud Type distribution (e.g. updated Cloud Top Temp. & Height ingest function, updated Precipitating Clouds cloud detection, added ICI Improved & Extended RTMs retrieval module etc.) IASI Fast RTM & Obs. Operators Extension to processing IASI+AMSU+AVHRR GOME Obs. Operators ASCAT/SeaWinds Improved Obs. Operators SSM/I 1DVar Retrieval System SAF NWC (for wind speed, cloud water SAF NWP etc.) Fast RTM SSMIS 1DVar Retrieval System (for wind speed, cloud water etc.) Fast RTM AIRS 1DVAR Retrieval System Real Time Product Services related to agrometeorology MSG Surface Albedo Scattered Radiance Field Surface Short-wave Fluxes Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes Soil Moisture Evapotranspiration Rate EPS Near Surface Wind Vector Surface Albedo & Aerosol Scattered Rad. Field Surface Short-wave Fluxes Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes Evapotranspiration Rate N. Europe Snow Cover Multi-Mission Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes S. & C. Europe Snow Cover SAF SAF SAF SAF SAF OSI O3M CLM GRM LSA MSG Surface Albedo & Aerosol Scattered Radiance Field Surface Short-wave Fluxes Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes SAF SAF SAF SAF SAF OSI O3M CLM GRM LSA Off-Line Product Services EPS Surface Albedo & Aerosol Scattered Radiance Field Surface Short-wave Fluxes Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes Multi-Mission Land Surface Temperature Surface Emissivity Surface Long-wave Fluxes NDVI, FGV, fPAR, LAI Surface Rad. Budget Surface Albedo Rad. Budget at TOA Real Time Product Services EPS Surface Albedo (1 km, 12 hours) Aerosol (1 km 12 hours) Scattered Radiance Field (1 km, 12 hours) Surface Short-wave Fluxes (1 km 12 hours) Land Surface Temperature (1 km, 6 hours) Surface Emissivity (1 km, 6 hours) Surface Long-wave Fluxes (1 km, 6 hours) Evapotranspiration Rate (1 km, TBD) N. Europe Snow Cover (1 km, 1 day) OSI O3M CLM GRM LSA Off-Line Product Services EPS Surface Albedo (1 km, 10 days & 1 month) Aerosol (1 km, 10 days & 1 month) Scattered Radiance Field (1 km, 10 days & 1 month) Surface Short-wave Fluxes (1 km, 10 days & 1 month) Land Surface Temperature (1 km, 10 days) Surface Emissivity (1 km, 10 days) Surface Long-wave Fluxes (1 km, 10 days) OSI O3M CLM GRM LSA Potential data delivery from H-SAF during the operational phase (2010-2014) Resolution (Europe) Accuracy Cycle (Europe) Timeliness 10 km (with CMIS) 15 km (with other GPM) 10-20 % (rate > 10 mm/h), 20-40 % (rate 1 to 10 mm/h), 40-80 % (rate < 1 mm/h) 6 h (with CMIS only) 3 h (with full GPM) 15 min Precipitation rate merging MW & IR 10 km Ranging from MW performance to degraded one to an amount to be assessed 15 min 5 min Water phase (based on MW) 10 km (with CMIS) 15 km (with other GPM) 80 % probability of correct classification 6 h (with CMIS only) 3 h (with full GPM) 15 min 3, 6, 12 and 24 h cumulated rain 10 km Depending on integration interval. Tentative: 10 % over 24 h, 30 % over 3h 3 hour 15 min Product Precipitation rate from MW imagery (from merged MW + IR) Soil moisture in the surface layer 25 km (from ASCAT) CMIS) 40 km (from 0.05 m3 m-3 (depending on vegetation) 36 h (from ASCAT) 6 h (from CMIS) 2h Soil moisture in the roots region 25 km (from ASCAT) CMIS) 40 km (from To be assessed (model-dependent). Tentative: 0.05 m3 m-3 36 h (from ASCAT) 6 h (from CMIS) 2h Snow recognition 5 km (in MW) 2 km (in VIS/SWIR/TIR) 95 % probability of correct classification 6h 2h Snow effective coverage 10 km (in MW) 5 km (in VIS/SWIR/TIR) 15 % (depending on basin size and complexity) 6h 2h 80 % probability of correct classification 3 h (under cloud- Snow thawing-freezing conditions 5 km (in MW) 2 km (in TIR) Snow status (wet or dry) 5 km 80 % probability of correct classification 6h 2h Snow water equivalent 10 km To be assessed. Tentative: 20 mm 6h 2h Selected satellite products and their applications Potential users market Agriculture Forestry Natural hazard management Terrestrial transports safety Land SAF products User extra effort Land Surface Temperature High Soil Moisture Low Evapotranspiration Low Biophysical Parameters Low to middle Albedo Low Land Surface Temperature Low to high Evapotranspiration Low Biophysical Parameters Low Albedo Low Land Surface Temperature Low to High Soil Moisture Low Evapotranspiration Low Snow Cover Low Biophysical Parameters Low Land Surface Temperature High Snow Cover High Data Sources for Soil Moisture Measurements • Field Observations – Expansive – Only a few measurement networks (agrometeorologic) • Remote Sensing most promissing – Global & Frequent – Cost efficient • Microwave Remote Sensing most suitable – Offer the most direct means due to sensitivity to the dielectric properties – Day and night capabilities – Independent of Clouds – Problem: vegetation, surface roughness Soil moisture vs. thermal inertia – problems with cloud cover ! Available Microwave Sensors • Passive Sensors (Radiometers) – SSMR (1978 - 87) – AMSR (2002 - ) – CMIS (2009 - ) – SMOS (2007 - ) – HYDROS (2010 - ) • Active Sensors (Scatterometers) – ERS Scatterometer (1991 - ) – METOP ASCAT (2005 - ) – HYDROS (2010 - ) From ERS to METOP • ERS Scatterometer – 1991 up to present – 3 antennas – 50 km spatial resolution – Daily coverage < 41 % • METOP Advanced Scatterometer – start in 2005 – 6 antennas – 25 km resolution – Daily coverage > 80% Source: Klaus Scipial 2004 Surface temperature on the area of Poland Drought in Poland - 1993 2nd half of July 2nd half of August Vegetation indices 3rd decade of September Fires/Smoke Channel 04 (3.9 m) Channel 07 (8.7 m) Fires over Portugal and Spain (biggest fires of last 20 years) MSG-1, 3 August 2003, 12:00 UTC Institute of Meteorology and Water Management POLAND The World Radiometric Network (1964-1993) W/m2 800,00 700,00 600,00 18.10.99 19.10.99 500,00 20.10.99 400,00 21.10.99 22.10.99 300,00 25.10.99 200,00 26.10.99 27.10.99 100,00 28.10.99 0,00 430 29.10.99 530 630 730 830 930 1030 1130 1230 1330 1430 1530 Tim e Daily variation of Solar radiation regitered at the ground by pyranometer 18-30.10.1999 Krakow. 30.10.99 Pyranometr Satelita 10000 6000 4000 2000 XI XII I IV V VI VII VIII Daily available solar energy on XI.1999 - IX.2000 registered by pyranometer and estimated from satellite data (location Krakow, Poland). IX 30 22 14 6 30 22 6 14 30 22 14 6 29 21 13 5 29 21 13 5 28 20 12 4 28 20 4 III 12 26 18 2 II 10 26 18 10 2 26 18 10 2 25 9 17 0 1.XI Wh/m2 8000 8000 7000 Satellite [Wh/m2] 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Pyranometer [Wh/m2] Comparison of daily solar energy registered at the ground at estimated from satellite data (period XI.1999 - IX.2000, Kraków). Severe weather warnings Combined satellite and lightning detection data Future satellite missions interesting for agrometeorological applications • SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission) 2007, • GPM (Global Precipitation Mission) planned 2008, postponed to 2010 – 2015, • Active radar satelites with resolution 8 m – 2006 (Germany), Conclusions: 1. Operational applications of MSG satellite are becoming available. 2. EPS products are expected in 2006. 3. Main use of MSG satellite products is as an input to agrometeorological models (irrigation, pest & disase etc.). Also use for severe weather warnings. 4. We are still far from direct operational use of satellite products in agrometeorology (models required). Sensing does not tell us why fire is hot, just that it is hot. (Aristotele, Metaphysicorum liber)