China's Realities from a Frontier Research Perspective

 Government stakeholders  Key national science programs  Available Tools for International Cooperation  Barriers to international collaboration

Government stakeholders

      State Steering Committee of Science and Education Ministry of Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Engineering China Association for Science and Technology National Natural Science Foundation of China

State Steering Committee of Science and Education    Founded in 1998 in the state council The prime minister takes charge of the president. The member of it is all ministerial.

The office is located in the Ministry of Science and Technology.

Ministry of Science and Technology

Founding:

It was approved in 1998,then the State Science and Technology Commission (SSTC) changed its name to the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)

Status:

A central government ministry under the State Council, responsible for the nation’s science and technology activities.

Mission

1. To formulate macro-strategies, guidelines, policies, laws and regulations on science and technology 2. To direct and coordinate the ministry of the State Council, provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in the administration of science and technology.

3.To organize the formulation of medium-term, long-term, and annual plans.

4.To administer the budget and final accounts of science operating expenses.

Mission

5. To strengthen basic research and high and new technology development 6. To reinforce the industrialization of high and new technology 7. To facilitate international cooperation and exchange 8. To manage S&T achievements, S&T Awards, S&T security, S&T information, S&T statistics, and S&T periodicals 9. To manage technology markets, examine the establishment and adjustment of scientific research institutions, and the protection of intellectual property rights related to S&T all over the country

Department and Offices

     Department of International Cooperation Department of Basic Research Department of High and New Technology Development and Industrialization Department of Rural and Social Development

Affiliated Agencies

    China Science and Technology Exchange Center China Rural Technology Development Center High Tech Research and Development Center Torch High Tech Industrial Development Center

Contact

High-tech. R & D Center,MOST No.1 Sanlihe Rd., Beijing 100044, P.R. China Tel: +86-10-68339021; 68313388 ext. 5918 Fax: +86-10-68339021 E-mail: [email protected]

http://www.most.gov.cn/eng

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Founding:

Chinese Academy of Sciences ( CAS ) was founded in Beijing on 1st November 1949 on the basis of the former Academia Sinica (Central Academy of Sciences) and Peiping Academy of Sciences.

Status:

CAS is a leading academic institution and comprehensive research and development center in natural science, technological science and high-tech innovation in China.

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Orgainzation:

   Five Academic Divisions 108 scientific research institutes Over 200 science and technology enterprises    More than 20 supporting units including one university One graduate school Five documentation and information centers

Staff:

 39,000 scientific personnel

Mission

   To conduct research in basic and technological sciences To provide the country with scientific data and the government with advice for decision-making To undertake government-assigned projects with regard to key S&T problems in the process of social and economic development

Research Highlights

    Basic Research Life Science and Biotechnology Science and Technology for Resources and the Environment Hi-tech Research and Development

Contact

Chinese Academy of Sciences Add: 52 Sanlihe Rd., Beijing China Postcode: 100864 Tel: 86 10 68597289 Fax: 86 10 68512458 http://www.cas.ac.cn/

Chinese Academy of Engineering

Founding:

It was approved in 1994 by state councile

Status:

The Academy is a national and independent organization composed of elected members with the highest honor in the community of engineering and technological sciences of the nation.

It is the bank of topmost talent in engineering and technology. There were 704 members in 2005 in the Academy.

Missions and Functions

 To initiate and conduct strategic studies, provide consultancy services for decision-making on the nation ’ s key issues in engineering and technological sciences  Carry out extensive academic exchanges and cooperations at home and abroad at all levels

Organization structure

Academic Divisions

        Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Information and Electronic Engineering Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Energy and Mining Engineering Division of Civil, Hydraulic and Architecture Engineering Civil, Hydraulic and Architecture Engineering Agriculture, Light and Textile Industries and Environment Engineering Medical and Health Engineering Engineering Management

Special Committees

       Environment Committee Scientific Ethics Committee Education Committee Consulting Activity Committee Publication Committee Industrial Committee on Engineering Science and Technology Membership Policy Committee

Contact

Address:

No.3 Fu Xing Road, Beijing 100038,P.R.China

PostBox3847 Telephone:8610-68570320

Fax:

8610- 68522662

Email:

[email protected]

Beijing http://www.cae.cn/english

China Association for Science and Technology

Founding:

Founded under its present name in 1958

Status:

CAST has developed into a federation of 165 national professional societies, including 31 provincial branches and their widely distributed grass-root organizations, totaling 4.3 million members throughout China.

Major Activities

 Organizin academic exchanges  Undertaking evaluations of science-related projects and other work on request

Science Programs of China

     National Natural Science Foundation The National Basic Research Program Key Technologies Research and Development Programme National High-tech R&D Program(863) TORCH Program

National Natural Science Foundation

Founding:

Approved by State Council in 1986

Status:

Aimed at promoting and financing basic research and some applied research in China. Its annual budget has been dramatically increasing, a big leap from 80 million CHY in 1986 to over 2.9 billion CHY in 2004 .

Mission

    To direct, coordinate and financially support basic research and applied basic research To identify and foster scientific talents To administer the Nature Fund Project International cooperation

Category of Programs and Funding Scope

I. General Program Project of Free Application, Young Scientists' Fund, for Developing Regions, for New Ideas and Concepts II. Key Program III. Major Program IV. Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars V. Special Funds

National Natural Science Foundation administrate council

Founding:

Approved by State Council in 1986

Status:

It is an institution for the management of the National Natural Science Fund. NSFC employs 218 staff members, of whom 191 are professionals.

Organization

NSFC is administrated by its Council, which consists of the President, Vice Presidents and Council members. Members of the Council are all experts in science, technology or management, and they are appointed for a term of four years.

Contacts

National Natural Science Foundation of China 83 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100085 Phone:(010)62327087 E-Mail: [email protected] http://www.nsfc.gov.cn

The National Basic Research Program

 It was approved by the Chinese government in June 1997 (also called 973 Program)  Formed on the basis of existing research activities and deployments made by the National Nature Science Foundation and major dedicated pre-studies, to organize and implement basic research to meet the nation's major strategic needs.

Mission

  To conduct multidisciplinary comprehensive research and provide theoretic and scientific foundations for the settlement of the important scientific issues.

To deploy relevant, important and explorative forefront basic research  To nurture a number of outstanding personnel  To built interdisciplinary scientific research centers

Funding scope

       Agricultural Energy Information Material Population and health Resource and environment Synthesis and frontier science

Organizing and Managing the 973 Program

Organized by the Department of Basic Research of MOST     Advisor Committee Chief scientist for the 973 Program projects Expert teams for the research projects Consulting group

Achievements

 According to incomplete statistics of the 87 projects of the 973 Program over the first five years, various scientific and technological articles released home and abroad have totaled up to 15500, including more than 7300 SCI and EI articles and 221 relevant research books. And 485 patented technological inventions have also been licensed in the same period.

Achievements

      Basic research on the new-generation iron & steel material Establishment of the theoretical and technological system on the disease genome Nanometer material and nanometer structure Structural performance, molecular design, micro structural design and manufacturing process of the photo-electrical functional crystal Digital mechanization and automatic reasoning platform Forecast research on the evolution of China's future living environment and North China's aridity trend

Key Technologies Research and Development Programme

 A national level programme of science and technology financed by the state and specifically embodying the principle of orienting science and technology towards the main fields of economic development. Started in 1982.

Mission

  Solve key technologies closely around the hot, difficult problems Develop key technologies for application to engineering and industries

Founding

 The funding is raised through multiple channels, including governmental appropriation, sector or locality self-raised fund, loans from banks,implementing agency self-raised fund, etc.

Adminstrative Measures

    T he selection of agencies put in charge of projects is accomplished through the bidding approach “Post subsidy" provided for fields that need long-term stable support Combining department adminstration with expert adminstration Third party monitoring to guarantee the realization of project objectives

Administrative Organization

 Local department for organization of project is determined by the related specialized department and the Department of Planning in the Minsitry of Science and Technology.

 The agency for the implementation of the project is determined by the department for the organization of the project through bidding.

Scope

    Agricultural science and technology Develop key high technologies Promote the coordinated economic and social development with science and technology Support a few important projects in science and technology industries with vital impacts on the national economy and with directional, basic and comprehensive significance

National High-tech R&D Program(863)

 The most important frontier R&D program in China.The proposal letter of the scientists and the written instructions of Mr. Deng Xiaoping were both put forward in March 1986, hence came the name of "863" for the magnificent programme.

Mission

   Reduce the gap between China and foreign countries in several of the most important fields Quickly transform the achievement into a productive force and create economic benefits Train a new generation of high level scientific and technological talents

Scope

      Biology Information Automation Energy&intelltrafic tech Materials Resourse environment

Statistics in 2004

  In tenth-five years, the 863 Program issued grants to 3888 projects about 10billion CHY. More than 1200 projects were completed and evaluated. University 39.4% Research institute 31.1% Enterprise 23.0% Other 6.5%

Highlights in 2004

      11 Trillion(1012) Floating Point Operations Per Second high performance computer “Dawning 4000 A” A Draft Sequence for the Genome of the Domesticated Silkworm (Bombyx mori) The first superconductor power cable system A 6.34 m diameter shield-TBM (Tunnel boring machine) The fuel cell powered car and bus The first China made under water navigation system

TORCH PROGRAMME

Founding:

It was approved by the State Council in 1988.

Mission:

Commercialize Industrialize Internationlize

Organization:

Torch hi-technology industry development center of MOST.

Measures

    Launch science and technology industry parks Launch scientific incubators Identify industrialisation hi-tech projects Administer the innovation fund for technology based small and medium enterprises

Location of S&T Industrial Parks in China

Most famous enterprise gathered in the 深圳华为

Key Institute,university,enterprise

     State Key Laboratories(71)--973 National Engineering Research Centers(46) High-Tech Enterprises in China Universities(96)--973 National level Science Parks(53)+Provincial level Science Parks(>100)

Available Tools for International Cooperation

The Central Government is the Best Focal Point for Collaboration on Frontier    China is transforming from a planned economy to a market economy Most of the frontier projects in China are covered in the national science plan and still financially supported by government, but not by the market Collaboration with the central government could break through regional limitation in China

Funding for frontier of China

Business

Torch program Innofund 863, Key tech 973, Nature science

Government

Focus Basic Research Applied Research Product & Process Development Pilot Production Manufacturing Technical Services

Means of monitoring research activities within China

Torch center

Torch program innofund

Science parks enterprise institute Hi- tech center

973,863 Key tech

university

Channels for collaborations

International Cooperation Department of MOST Hi- tech Center Local S&T Bureau Torch Center INCUBATORS S&T PRAKS Institutes Universities Enterprises

Measures for Collaborations

    China International Collaboration Key Technology Program —support the co-research project implemented by institute and university Bilateral Cooperation Program —jointly support the co-R&D project Cooperation contract with abroad agency support the co-development projects implemented by enterprises with the existing fund, such as CHINEKA project.

Co-incubation program and international incubator support the collaboration between bilateral enterprise.

Website for Collaboration

The china international science and technology cooperation website.

http://www.cistc.gov.cn/

Key collaboration project

  Galileo program Iter program  Human Genome Project  B3G

Potential Barriers to International Collaborations

Potential barriers to international collaborations

    Sufficient importance not attached by the local government. They are focusing more on introducing investments than on introducing science and technology.

Too much emphasis on the industrialization of science achievements weaken the capability of breakthrough research and collaboration on the frontier research.

The measures for inciting international collaboration should be developed.

Information insulated form the outside world

Measures to overcome them

  More active in international organization Find more successful stories to demonstrate the important role of international collaboration.

 Support the exchange of information and talent.   Support local government to set up the infrastructure and channels for international collaboration with foreign help.

Develop an information platform with foreign partners.