Transcript FILA Coaches Clinic Tokyo November 2006 Direct competition preparation: standpoints Prof. Dr. Harold Tünnemann • One „secret“ of the successes of elite sports in the GDR:

FILA Coaches Clinic
Tokyo November 2006
Direct competition preparation:
standpoints
Prof. Dr. Harold Tünnemann
• One „secret“ of the successes of elite sports
in the GDR: at a specific date, the athletes
were top fit (top event), i. e., as a rule, they
achieved their individual top performance of
the year. Among others, the reasons are to be
found in the organisation of the direct
competition preparation, which had been
integrated into a complex concept of
performance development and annual
planning.
Reasons of performance developments
•Structures of Federations oriented toward elite sport
•Experienced coaches
•Training concept oriented toward world‘s elite
•Infrastructure which promotes performance
•Performance-motivated athletes / team spirit
• Concentration of the athletes / acceptance of training camps
•Team work with partners
among other things advanced training science
•Training control on the basis of a coaching counselling system
•optimal organisation of competition performance
•Optimal design of the last phase of training before the
major competition (direct competition preparation)
Counselling system coach-athlete
Structure of performance
strategy
technique
physical condition
tactics
strength
endurance
behaviour
skills
energy
Structure of training
inventory of means of training
technique/tactics
special strength
general strength /endurance
control of training and
competition
analysis of competition
test device training
tests
analysis of training
Sistema de asesoría Entrenador-deportista
Estructura del rendimiento
Estratégia
Técnica
condición
Táctica
fuerza
resistencia
comportamiento
capacidades
Energía
Estructura del
entrenamiento
Trainingsmittelkatalog
Ténica/Táctica
Fuerza especial
fza/resitencia gral.
Monitoreo del
entrenamiento y la
competencia
Análisis
competencia
Entr. En áreas de
medición
Tests
Análisi de
entrenamiento
1. Basics
The period of direct competition preparation is the most
complicated and most sensitive one during the whole
process of preparation for sports competitions. During
this period it is decided if a long-term preparation will
result in a sporting top performance during the decisive
competition, or if the existing potentials are not be used
due to errors during this preparatory period..
Training-methodical errors or insufficiencies in the
annual structure cannot be made up for by an optimum
direct competition preparation.
Goals:
•Reaching the highest readiness to perform and
performance capacity (athletic top form ) at the
moment of the forthcoming major competition
•Optimum adaptation to the specific and complex
conditions of the competition site and the staging of the
competition
Training-methodical tasks
(Consideration of performance structure )
•Physical preparation
(Development and stabilization of general and specific
physical conditional basics)
•Technical preparation
(Perfection of technique, correction of small technical
weaknesses, dynamic stabilisation of competition
technique, also taking into account the actual competition
conditions
•Tactical preparation (precision and stabilization of the
competition concept, attention to specific constellation of
opponents and possible tactical behaviour positions of
serious opponents)
•Emphasis on complex sporting performances
(While the aforementioned tasks are realized quite
separately and isolatedly from each other, this phase
immediately before the beginning of the competition
is dealing with the emphasis on the complex
competition performance with competition-like
exercises )
•Individual psychical preparation
(Development of a strong team spirit and of an
ambience promoting performance as a whole,
mobilization of individual emotional driving forces,
strengthening of self-confidence into the own
performance capacity and efficacy of the own
competition concept, adaptation of specific features of
the most important opponents and the imminent
competition ambience)
Structure and design of the direct
competition preparation
The right choice and sequence of the means of training and the
right dynamics in training load are decisive for an efficient
design of the direct competition preparation. The different
impact and the time of conversion of the individual complexes
of training and the differentiated dynamics of adaptation of
organs and functional systems determining performance must
be taken into consideration. When determining the training
stimuli, it has to be considered that load components with
general impact on the organism require more time for
conversion, and that specific load components are converted
more rapidly into a higher performance capacity.
A correct order of contents and time as well as of priorities of
essential training elements is necessary.
The peak loads of the individual components are as
follows:
+ general means of training 5 to 4 weeks
+ duration of training 4 to 3 weeks
+ specific means of training 3 to 2 weeks
+ intensity of training 2 to 1 week
prior to beginning of competition
The load maximum is during the 3rd to 2nd week prior to
the competition.
This way, a high training load is realized over two to four
weeks by different means, and by their temporary
„overlapping“ or addition a top performance at a defined
moment.
One main task of the further development of training
methodical concepts is the complex adaptation to the new
competitions rules.
The temporal shortening of the bouts, the realization of 4
to 5 bouts a day, the increase in standard situations
(clinch) and the fact that the number of strong wrestlers
per weight category is increasing have an enormous
impact on the methodology of the physical conditional
and technical-tactical preparation. The organisation of the
direct competition preparation, too, is in a very special
way influenced by these aspects. In particular during the
competitions, measures of fast recovery and aspects of
nutrition between the competitions are necessary, which
have to be agreed upon with the accompanying team
doctor.
The following total structure in a direct competition
preparation over several weeks has proved
successful:
Phase of regeneration – Duration approx. one week
Short active and above all psychic regeneration
particularly after a hard competition season
Means: general means of training, recreational
sport, physio-therapeutic measures
Load: average: average extent of training, small
intensity
Phase of recovery – Duration approximately two to three
weeks
Mainly realization of physical-conditional, technical and
tactical separate tasks
Means: specific physical-conditional, technical and tactical
exercises
Load: larger extents of training at medium training intensity
Phase of emphasis on performance - Duration
approx. one to two weeks
Emphasis on complex sporting performance, at the
beginning under home conditions, and later on under
specific competition conditions
Means: mainly competition exercises – general
exercises to compensate
Load: competition-like intensity of competition
exercises, little to average load in the exercises for
compensation
Competitions, particularly test and training
competitions, have a particular function in the direct
competition preparation. They are meant to check
individual factors determining performance, to stabilize
technique and the tactical concept of the realization of
the competition, they serve to develop the complex
competition performance and to adapt to the expected
competition rhythm.
Preparation and adaptation to the concrete competition
conditions
As a result of the communication society and the medial
upvaluation of high performance sport, international
championships are held on all continents and under the most
various conditions (also under high altitude conditions).
In order to minimize negative influences due to varying
competition conditions, comprehensive adaptation measures
are necessary. They constitute a complex of trainingmethodical, sports medical, bio-scientific and technicalorganizational measures indicating an interdisciplinary
approach:
Adaptation to a changed day and night rhythm
Time lags of five to six hours require an adaptation time of
four to five days on site. The undermentioned options for
adaptation exist:
Arrival five to seven days before the beginning of the
competition
An immediate adjustment of life and training regime to the new local
time is linked with it. As for training load, the adjustment reactions
during the first three to four days have to be considered.
•Step-by-step adaptation by stopovers on the way to the
competition site
This form requires more time and holds a certain risk as during
stopovers, special training conditions can often not be ensured
sufficiently.
Adaptation to extreme values of temperature and
humidity
As a consequence of the different climatical factors at the
competition site, specific demands to competition clothes, to
the realization of the competition, nourishment and the
individual behaviour of the athletes before, during and after
the competition.
Options for adaptation:
•Simulation of the expected climatic conditions still being at
home (sauna, hardening measures, stay and training in
climatic chambers)
•realization of parts of the preparation under competitionlike or similar conditions
• early arrival at the competition site
Adaptation to medium altitude
(2000 to 3000m AMSL)
The reduced oxygen partial pressure at altitude has a
detrimental effect on energy supply processes, and thus
it reduces performances in those sports where aerobic
energetic metabolism plays a decisive role (endurance
sports, ball sports, combat sports).
Opportunities for adaptation to medium altitude
conditions:
• Accentuated and intensive endurance training under
sea-level conditions
Lack of oxygen training under sea level conditions
has similar effects like altitude training
(increased resistance against hypoxia,
effective oxygen exploitation)
• Training under simulated lack of oxygen conditions
below sea level, in barochambers, with breathing masks
and with systems with adjustable air mixtures
• Training under similar natural altitude conditions
• Early arrival at the competition site
Training under hypoxic conditions, by the addition of
training stimuli and acclimatisation, means a higher load
than under sea level conditions. Therefore, during the first
phase of acute acclimatisation (the first 8 to 10 days) training
load should be reduced (decrease in intensity in endurance
sports, longer breaks between the main load exercises in
other sports).
Individual adaptation ability scatters considerably. The
optimum stay at altitude between 18 and 21 days is a
compromise between the extent of physiological adaptation
und psychic tolerability of new conditions.
Adaptation to the general competition atmosphere
For some athletes, the behaviour of the audience and of the
local people, the media, of the referees and judges, partial
ignorance of the rules and other peculiarities may be unusual.
Preparation for these circumstances is possible by:
•Transfer of corresponding knowledge by means
of conversations, images, videos and CD-ROM.
•Training and training competitions under simulated
conditions (e. g. questionable referee decisions)
•Direct acquaintance with the atmosphere by previous
participation in competitions at the future competition
site.
Concise tips regarding arrival at the competition
site:
•When competitions take place in the home country,
when one knows exactly the circumstances of the
competition and when distances are short, arrival can
be one day before the beginning of the competition or
on the competition day.
•Arrival at competition sites, which do not require any
temporal or climatic adaptation and which do not mean
big travel strains, should be 3 to 4 days before the
competition.
•Arrival at competition sites, demanding a modification
of the daily rhythm or adaptation to climatic conditions,
should be 5 to 7 days before the competition begins .
•Arrival at competition sites at medium altitude
additionally linked with an adjustment of time, should
be between 7 (speed-strength and technical sports) and
14 to 18 days (endurance, combat and ball sports) before
the competition begins. Preceding acclimatisation can
can ease this process and reduce adaptation time.
Concluding the subject „Competition site“, the
doctors‘ recommendations regarding special measures
of nourishment, hygienic norms and eating habits as
well as behavioural measures as for psychic
concentration toward the competition shall be
mentioned.
Training control
•
Examination of individual load effect and load
processing of training days by the analysis of serumcreatincinase- and urea activities during direct
competition preparation as well as of selected blood
parameters (haemoglobin and haematocrit) and of the
resting pulse frequency in altitude training with the
target to find out individual and group-typical load
courses within the respective mesocycles for the
purpose of current control and medium and long term
deepening of knowledge for the optimization of the
training process.
•
•
•
Examination of the effect of general and
wrestling-specific means of training by
determination of concentration of lactate for the
purpose of finding out the direct load effect of the
used means of training as well as of the realized
individual extent of load.
Individual analyses of performance and
development in technical-tactical field by means
of video-assisted analyses of training competitions .
Medium and short-term preparation for
competitions by analyses and presentation of
videos of major competitions as well as by
computer-assisted analyses of opponents.
2.Training control of physicalconditional abilities
creatincinase (CK) as control parameter
The muscle-specific enzyme serum- creatincinase
(CK), which is responsible for the separation of
creatin phosphate and the resynthesis and whose
escape from the muscles into the serum is proved as
a consequence of the energetic demand on the
muscle cells, is considered to be a reliable parameter
for the diagnostics of sporting loads also in combat
sports.
Examination pool and extent
Nr.
DCP
10
EC’98
11
age group
number of
number of
number of
athtletes
CK determ. lactate determ.
men
9
85
98
JWC’98
juniors (u20)
5
50
114
12
JEC’98
juniors (u20)
7
57
148
13
EC’98
men
10
88
106
14
WC’99
men
8
87
116
15
JEC’99
juniors (u20)
8
75
116
16
EC’00
men
8
73
94
17
OG’00
men
6
60
98
18
JWC’00
juniors (u20)
7
70
182
total
men
78
736
1073
total
juniors
58
508
1212
total
total
136
1244
2285
Average CK- excursions during one training
phase of direct competition preparation
25
MW
S1
20
S2
15
10
5
0
16.09. 17.09. 18.09. 19.09. 20.09. 21.09. 22.09. 23.09. 24.09. 25.09. 26.09.
Comparison of average values of CK-excursions before and
after high load days during direct competition preparation
(men and juniors /n=117)
25
265 %
CK (µmol/L)
20
15
181 %
144 %
10
5
0
before
HLD1
after HLD 1 before HLD after HLD 2 before HLD after HLD 3
2
3
Comparison of average CK-excursions before and after high
load days in men, juniors and women
25
women (n=38)
20
15
Men (n=65)
men under 20
(n052)
10
5
0
before HLD 1 after HLD 1 before HLD 2 after HLD 2 before HLD 3 after HLD 3
Comparison of CK-excursions of different muscle types
during one direct competition preparation with identical
training contents
40
speed strength type
endurance type
35
CK (µmol/L)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Comparison of average effects on metabolism of selected
means of training in judo
18
16
Laktat (mmol/L)
14
MW
s1
s2
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
RAN (n=459)
TWK (n=902)
SB/ STL (n=96)
BT3max (n=399)
Summary :
• The realisation of individual top performances at the top
event requires a high performance capacity at the
beginning of the direct competition preparation
(„starting performance“).
Neglected performance development during the whole
training and competition year may not be made up for
during the direct competition preparation.
• The direct competition preparation should last a
minimum of 10 days.
• During the phase of direct competition preparation, three peak
loads should be done. Their contents should mainly consist in
competition-like means of training pushing the athletes toward
their breaking point. The conditions of the respective load
tolerance are created during the previous macrocycle, i. e. there
are very close relations between the organization of this
macrocycle and the directly following direct competition
preparation.
• The organisation of the optimal course of load allows enough
recovery between the days of high load as well as a farreaching regeneration of individual performance capacity.
The pause between the days of high load is 2 to 3 days. In
addition to training-methodical measures (distinct reduction of
load), passive (sauna, relaxation basin) and active
physiotherapeutic measures (massages) are integral part of
the regeneration processes.
• There are not any examinations concerning the optimal
duration for the pause between the end of the preparation and
the top event. On the basis of empiric experience and taking
into account the best competition results so far, 12 to 14 days
are recommended. Within this period, training has a stabilizing
character regarding the before realized main points.
3. Training control of technicaltactical abilities on the basis of
individual fight concepts
The control of technical-tactical performance capacity
is a steady focal point of the preparation and remains
part of the competition concept. Here, a stronger
orientation toward the athletes’ individual fight
concepts must be established.
Individual fight concepts are strategic decisions for
the application of technical-tactical actions against
strong opponents. Studying the opponents‘ strengths
and weaknesses by video are essential for strategic
decisions. The detailed analysis of videos is an
integral part of the technical-tactical training during
the direct competition preparation and during the
competition itself. Individual psychic characteristics
of the athletes must be taken into consideration
especially in the preparation for the forthcoming
opponent. In the following slide we will show one
example of the video-assisted analysis of the
opponents. There are lot of other examples in the
USA, Japan, Spain, Serbia and Canada
(www.ucancoachwrestling.com)