Transcript 0 = Never 1 = Almost Never 2 = Sometimes 3 = Fairly Often 4 = Very Often 1.

0 = Never 1 = Almost Never 2 = Sometimes 3 = Fairly
Often 4 = Very Often
1. In the last month, how often have you been upset
because of something that happened unexpectedly?
2. In the last month, how often have you felt that you
were unable to control the important things in your
life?
3. In the last month, how often have you felt nervous
and “stressed”?
4. In the last month, how often have you felt confident
about your ability to handle your personal problems?
5. In the last month, how often have you felt that things
were going your way?
0 = Never 1 = Almost Never 2 = Sometimes 3 = Fairly
Often 4 = Very Often
6. In the last month, how often have you found that you
could not cope with all the things that you had to do?
7. In the last month, how often have you been able to
control irritations in your life?
8. In the last month, how often have you felt that you
were on top of things?
9. In the last month, how often have you been angered
because of things that were outside of your control?
10. In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties
were piling up so high that you could not overcome
them?
PSS scores are obtained by reversing
responses (e.g., 0 = 4, 1 = 3, 2 = 2, 3 = 1
& 4 = 0) to the four positively
stated items (items 4, 5, 7, & 8) and then
summing across all scale items.
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Gender
Male
Female
Age
18-29
30-44
45-54
55-64
65 & older
Mean
12.1
13.7
SD
5.9
6.6
14.2
13.0
12.6
11.9
12.0
6.2
6.2
6.1
6.9
6.3
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Health Psychology
 Does health fall within the realm of psychology?
 Health: “A state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being”
▪ Holistic
▪ Includes spiritual
 Behavior& Lifestyle affect health
▪ Cancer: diet, smoking, sexual behavior, alcohol
▪ Health Psychology: techniques to change
behavior/lifestyles that affect health
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Some questions Health Psychology asks:
 Why do some people cope well with illness while
others don’t?
 Why do some people smoke?
 Why engage in risky sexual behaviors?
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Biopsychosocial Model
 A shift from the biomedical model
▪ No longer just physiological factors
 Mind (psychology) and body (biology) are central
in understanding health
▪ Interplay of physiological, psychological & social factors
▪ Interactionist
▪ Ex. Feelings of anxiety  hyperacidity, headache
▪ Can cure headache with meds but the cause of the stress?
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Destroys body’s immune system
HIV
 Blood
 Sexual contact
 Sharing hypodermic needles
 Blood transfusions
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1st case in Phils.  1984
 Early cases were
▪
▪
▪
▪
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Sexual contact with foreigners
Male homesexuals and foreigners
Sex workers
OCW’s
Today
 Mostly through heterosexual sex
▪ Sex industry
▪ Failure to use condoms (particularly, paid sex)
▪ Increase in casual sex among the youth
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Filipino Adolescent: Engaged in premarital
sex before age 24
 63% of males
 30% of females
 Almost 20% of males of this age ... Have paid for
sex
 Only 40% of males who pay for sex use condoms
 Only 20% of survey respondents have used a
condom
Instructions: Answer the following by True or False.
1. There is a right way and a wrong way to have sexual intercourse.
2. It is important for couples to have simultaneous orgasms.
3. Individuals should not have sexual intercourse at any time during
pregnancy.
4. Once individuals are sterilized, their interest in sex diminishes.
5. You can tell the size of a man’s penis by the size of his hands and feet.
6. If you contract a sexually transmitted disease and treat it effectively, you
can’t get it again.
7. You can tell immediately if you have a sexually transmitted disease.
8. Gonorrhea, syphilis, and AIDS can be contracted from toilet seats.
9. Masturbation can cause mental disorders.
10. Females rarely masturbate.
11. Only homosexual males and intravenous drug abusers are at risk for
contracting AIDS.
12. Most sexual dysfunctions are due to physical problems.
Most people mark one or more of the above items true. However, experts
on human sexuality state that all the above statements are myths
(Crooks & Bauer, 1999; Greenberg, Bruess, & Mullen, 1992; as cited in
Santrock, 2003).
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Stress as stimulus
 Situations that impose demands
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Stress as response
 Feeling or reaction
 Increased heart rate, worry, anxiety
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Stress as a process
 Interaction between a person & the environment
 Stimulus-response
 Stress: a consequence of a person’s appraisal process
(interpretation of events)
▪ In the eyes of the beholder!
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STIMULUS COGNITIONRESPONSE
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potentially stressful event
subjective cognitive appraisal
physiological/emotional/behavioral response
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Interactionist model of stress (Lazarus)
 An individual
▪ Appraises whether an event is stressful (primary appraisal)
▪ Appraises whether he/she can cope with the event (secondary
appraisal)
 Primary appraisal: Is this stressful? Is the stressor ...
a. Irrelevant?
b. Benign and positive?
c. Harmful or negative?
 Secondary appraisal: What can be done?
▪ Do I have the ability/resources to cope with this?
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Sources of Stress
 Catastrophes
▪ Phils. suffers more natural catastrophes than any other
country
▪ 19 typhoons/year
▪ PTSD ... Nightmares, flashbacks, depression, anxiety
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Sources of Stress
 FOCUS: Violence against women & children (VAWC)
▪ Rape (including marital rape)
▪ Spousal battery
▪ Abuse of female children
▪ Sexual harassment
▪ Forced prostitution
▪ Phils.:
▪ 1 woman or child is raped every 1.4 hrs
▪ 1 child battered every 3 hrs
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Sources of Stress
 Significant Life Changes
▪ Ex. Marriage, death, pregnancy, Christmas
 Daily hassles
▪ Ex. Traffic, tight schedules, physical appearance
▪ Can result in
▪ OVERLOAD – stimuli so intense, can no longer cope
▪ BURNOUT – mental, physical, emotional exhaustion
 Hopelessness, chronic fatigue, low energy
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Sources of Stress
 COLLEGE LIFE STRESS INVENTORY
▪ Being raped
▪ Death of a close friend
▪ Concerns about being pregnant
▪ Finals week
▪ Failing a class
▪ Ending a steady dating relationship
▪ Financial difficulties
▪ Difficulties with parents
▪ Starting a new semester
▪ Going on a first date
100
97
91
90
89
85
84
73
58
57
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Sources of Stress
 FOCUS: Poverty in the Phils.
▪ Over 30% of all households (12 million people)
▪ Lack of housing
▪ Dangerous neighborhoods
 Crime & violence
▪ Over 3000 Filipinos leave the country every day in search for livelihood
abroad
▪ Many are women
 Domestic service
 Prostitution
▪ 5 million children are unable to go to school
▪ Work the streets
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Reactions to Stress
 Biological
▪ Fight or flight response
▪ Inherited from our ancestors.
▪ involves rapid blood circulation, muscular tension, and increased
respiration
▪ survive physical threats
▪ Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
▪ Alarm stage – body is ready for action
 (heart rate, breathing increase)
▪ Resistance stage – body tries to cope with stressor, directly confronts
 (resorts to reserve resources to combat stress)
▪ Exhaustion stage – body’s resources depleted
 (runs out of adrenaline &sugar; muscles ache form tension and
fatigue)
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Reactions to Stress
 Emotional
▪ Apprehension, fear & terror
▪ Annoyance, anger & rage
▪ Aggression
▪ Frustration
▪ Pensiveness, sadness & grief
▪ May feel powerless
▪ Learned helplessness (ex. Women in abusive relationships)
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Mediators (coping ability/style)
 Personality
▪ Locus of control
▪ Hardiness
▪
▪
▪
▪
View threats as challenges
Committed to their involvement
Feel they have control
Resistant to stress
▪ Optimism
▪ Pessimists feel they have no control over their lives
▪ Type A personality
▪ highly anxious, aggressive
▪ The “tagasalo”
▪ One in every family (Carandang)
▪ Takes care of the needs of others; takes charge to relieve the stress
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Mediators (coping ability/style)
 External Support
▪ Material support
▪ Money affords legal, medical, other types of assistance
▪ Social support
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▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Parents
Children
Lovers
Barkada
Relatives
Church group
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Coping
 Problem-focused coping
▪ Trying to solve the problem
 Emotion-focused coping
▪ Focus is on alleviating emotions
▪ May involve the defense mechanisms
▪ Repression, rationalization, projection, denial etc.
 Positive thinking
▪ Cognitive restructuring
▪ Self-talk – must monitor what we tell ourselves
▪ Change negative self-talk (ex. “I’ll never love again!)
 Religion
 Stress management programs
▪ meditation
Instructions: For each item, answer True or False.
_________1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best.
_________2. It’s easy for me to relax.
_________3. If something can go wrong for me, it will.
_________4. I always look at the bright side of things.
_________5. I’m always optimistic about my future.
_________6. I enjoy my friends a lot.
_________7. It’s important for me to keep busy.
_________8. I hardly ever expect things to go my way.
_________9. Things never work out the way I want them to.
_________10. I don’t get upset too easily.
_________11. I’m a believer in the idea that “every cloud has a silver lining.”
_________12. I rarely count on good things happening to me.
Items 2, 6, 7, and 10 are filler items (or are not assumed to measure
optimism). An answer of True to items 1, 4, 5, and 11 and an answer of
False to items 3, 8, 9, and 12 reflect an optimistic disposition. Total your
score and see how optimistic you are. Highest score is 8.
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Culture
 Shapes the type of stressors we experience
 May affect how we appraise the stressfulness of
the event
 Affects choice of coping strategy
 Ex. Premarital sex
▪ Egypt – justification for killing daughter
▪ Sweden – normal part of adolescence
▪ Philippines?
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Culture
 Ex. Coping style
▪ Americans – express grief in private
▪ Philippines – allow public expression of grief
▪ Is this true?
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Regular exercise
 Improves self-concept
 Reduces anxiety & depression
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Proper nutrition
 Those who don’t have breakfast are less alert and
more fatigued by late morning
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Not smoking
 Begins in early adolescence
 Common among those who get low grades, feel less
competent
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Sound sexual decision-making