Transcript Austria

Conservative vs. dynamic agricultural
landscapes in Austria
– a comparison based on historical development of
landscape structure
Dr.Thomas Wrbka
University of Vienna;
Department of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology
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Wilderness?
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Or just another European example for modern
landscape transformation?
Tourism
Forest fragmentation
Global warming
Abandonment
Traffic
Urbanisation
Matrei in Eastern Tyrol / Austria
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AUSTRIA ?:
• situated in the “heart of Europe”;
• only 84.000 square kilometers!
• transitional between four biogeographical
zones (subatlantic, subcontinental, alpine,
submediterranean);
• steep ecological gradients (altitude,
precipitation, temperature,...);
• high diversity of bedrock, soil and landforms;
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Austria – cultural perspective:
• situated at the “crossroads” of Europe:
Danube corridor,
Amber
road, Mountain
Dwelling
Houses
and Farm Buildings
passes through the Alps
• high diversity of cultural traditions:
illyric, celtic, romanic, slavic, hungarian,
germanic (bavarian, suebian,
franconian);
• long history of interaction between
humans & nature – earliest artifacts from
30.000 BC !
 high diversity of landscape types
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Classification of Austrian Cultural Landscapes
Main Types
12 Types
and
47 Subtypes
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Example for Group E Upland dairyfarming
coverage: 17%
Sample Site:
Post - Behamberg
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Group I:
Cropfarming landscapes
Subgroup 404:
Large scale cropfarming in
extraalpine Lowlands
coverage: 12%
Sample Site: Teichhof
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Recent Changes in Austrian agricultural landscapes 1:
Fragmentation of the „wet meadow landscape“ in the Vienna Basin
between 1900 to 1950
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How to track changes ?
First complete land survey of the
Austrian territories
Conducted by army officers
Scale: 1 : 28.880
Military map
General information on broad
land-cover types
Detailed and very reliable
information on features interesting
for military purposes („obstacles“):
watercourses, swamps, dense
forest,..)
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>>>
First (Josefinian) Land
Survey (1764 – 1787)
Meso-scale
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How to track changes ?
Second complete land
survey of the total AustroHungarian Empire
Conducted by army
officers
Scale: 1 : 2.880
Taxation map
Detailed information for
every land parcel (yield
data, etc.) in paper database
Franziscan Cadastral Map (1817 – 1871)
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>>>
Micro-scale
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Landscape change in Südburgenland / Talboden der Pinka
33%
32%
2002
70%
92%
69%
91%
10
10 %
35%
15%
30%
44%
Obstgärten
48%
11%
%
10
48%
%
0 ,5
3%
0,
2%
5%
59%
2%
69%
20
1%
37%
7%
%
54%
67%
60%
21
Grünland
%
35
3%
= 1ha
49%
86%
1991
31
20%
%
43
Wald
40
6%
Gewässer
50
80%
%
28
Brachflächen
60
geh.freie Kleinstr.
70
Kleinstr.m.Geh.
71
Siedlung
2%
81%
6%
91%
8%
97%
100%
9%
11%
81
Sonderflächen
82
Verkehr 1
Verkehr 2
91
92
Sonderbiotope
100
>>>
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Beispiel Naturräumliche Einheit 1 - Pinkaboden
59%
1975
36
%
Acker
1958
Abb. Südburgenland - Transformation der Landnutzung im Zeitraum von 1857-2002.
Auswertung auf Basis des Franz. Katasters (2.Landesaufnahme (1857),
historisc hen Luftbildern (1958-1991) sowie einer aktuellen Landnutzungskartierung (2002).
Transformationsmatrix Auflösung der Basis-Grids 10x10m.
1857
Directional change over 150 years
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Landscape change in Südburgenland / Talboden der Pinka
33%
32%
70%
92%
69%
91%
10
21
35%
15%
30%
44%
Obstgärten
48%
11%
%
10
48%
%
0 ,5
3%
0,
2%
5%
59%
2%
69%
20
1%
37%
7%
%
54%
67%
60%
Grünland
2002
10 %
%
35
3%
= 1ha
49%
86%
1991
31
20%
%
43
Wald
40
6%
Gewässer
50
80%
%
28
Brachflächen
60
geh.freie Kleinstr.
70
Kleinstr.m.Geh.
71
Siedlung
2%
81%
6%
91%
8%
97%
100%
9%
11%
81
Sonderflächen
82
Verkehr 1
Verkehr 2
91
92
>>>
Sonderbiotope
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Beispiel Naturräumliche Einheit 1 - Pinkaboden
59%
1975
36
%
Acker
1958
Abb. Südburgenland - Transformation der Landnutzung im Zeitraum von 1857-2002.
Auswertung auf Basis des Franz. Katasters (2.Landesaufnahme (1857),
historisc hen Luftbildern (1958-1991) sowie einer aktuellen Landnutzungskartierung (2002).
Transformationsmatrix Auflösung der Basis-Grids 10x10m.
1857
Character change: transition between major landuse categories
100
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Landscape change in Südburgenland / Hillsides (“Riedelflanken”)
Acker
1975
1991
2002
52%
31%
35%
37%
35%
11%
22%
10%
9%
6%
= 1ha
20
Grünland
31
Obstgärten
8%
15%
10%
10%
10%
31
Weingärten
9%
8%
9%
11%
11%
40
Wald
16%
19%
20%
23%
23%
60
Brachflächen
81
Siedlung
82
Sonderflächen
70
geh.freie Kleinstr.
71
Kleinstr.m.Geh.
50
Gewässer
91
Verkehr 1
92
Verkehr 2
100
10%
9%
20%
4%
35%
6%
Beispiel Brachflächen in der Naturräumliche Einheit 3 - Riedelflanke
1958
Abb. Südburgenland - Transformation der Landnutzung im Zeitraum von 1857-2002.
Auswertung auf Basis des Franz. Katasters (2.Landesaufnahme (1857),
historischen Luftbildern (1958-1991) sowie einer aktuellen Landnutzungskartierung (2002).
Transformationsmatrix Auflösung der Basis-Grids 10x10m.
10
1857
Sonderbiotope
>>>
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Oscillation and slow change
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From change detection to change analysis
1958
33%
32%
49%
1991
2002
70%
92%
69%
91%
67%
35%
48%
11%
%
10
48%
%
0 ,5
3%
44%
Obstgärten
5%
15%
30%
0,
2%
2%
21
20
1%
37%
59%
7%
%
54%
36
%
60%
69%
31
20%
%
43
Wald
40
6%
1817–1861
10
10 %
Grünland
%
35
3%
= 1ha
1764 - 1787
1975
86%
Gewässer
50
80%
%
28
Brachflächen
60
geh.freie Kleinstr.
70
Kleinstr.m.Geh.
Siedlung
1984
Trend analysis
71
2%
81%
6%
91%
8%
97%
100%
9%
11%
82
Verkehr 1
Verkehr 2
91
92
Sonderbiotope
1994
81
Sonderflächen
Beispiel Naturräumliche Einheit 1 - Pinkaboden
59%
Abb. Südburgenland - Transformation der Landnutzung im Zeitraum von 1857-2002.
Auswertung auf Basis des Franz. Katasters (2.Landesaufnahme (1857),
historisc hen Luftbildern (1958-1991) sowie einer aktuellen Landnutzungskartierung (2002).
Transformationsmatrix Auflösung der Basis-Grids 10x10m.
1857
Acker
100
Transformation matrix
?
2000
Konservative L.
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VOITSAU
Reconstruction
of land-use from
digitized
historical
cadastrial map
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Some landscape
elements persist over
long periods >>>
PELs / persistent
landscape elements
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Percentage of PELs is regionally very different:
High percentage (= conservative l.) vs. Low percentage (= dynamic
landscapes)
Voitsau
Theyern / Nussdorf
Grossarl
Sampling design for in depth studies on formation and function of
agricultural landscapes
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Transgressing the map
age boundary
Reconstruction of
land-use from
written sources:
archive of
monastery Göttweig
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Integration of
data from
different
sources
Investigated entity (Village, settlement)
PARCELS
HOLDINGS
Example:
Theyern,
Nussdorf
PERSONS
Vegetation Survey 1995
Digital Elevation Model 1995
Parish registers from 17.C
onwards
PLANNED ONLY:
soil profiles (esp. in erosion
areas)
Palaeobotanical Data (e.g.
pollen profiles)
Dendrochronological Data
Malakological Data
Archaeological Data
….
POPULATION CENSUS
from 1869 onwards
Plans and Maps, from 2.H. 17C.
Municipality Account Books, 1.H. 19.C
Kastenamts- Accounts, 16.-19. C
Village Law (Custumal), 16. C
Forste Regulations, 16. and 18. C
statistical data on cultivation, 20. C
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Notes on traditio 11.-13. C.
Charters, 12.-15. C.
Urbarial Books, 13/14. Jh.
Peasant Labour books, 15. C.
Property registers, 16.-19. C
--Theresianian „Fassion“, mid-18 C
Josephinian „Fassion“, 1780
Franziszeian Cadastral Map, ca. 1820-1840
+ Cadastral Estimation Registers etc.
Gewährbücher, 15.-19. C
Tithe register: Tithes on Wine, 16.-19. C
„Local Urbarii- Description“, 1733
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How pre-industrial agricultural systems work
and thus should be studied
POPULATION
mode of
demographic
behavior
PRODUCTION
Farm households
technology,
social
organisation
AGROECOSYSTEM
Raw products
seed
external connections
crops,
soils,
water,
animals
environmental factors (climate, etc.)
influence
draught power
nutrient transfer
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human
constitution
products
money
labor
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Landscape types with different nature value in
Austria –
Percentage of the whole territory
Very
high
High
Medium
Low
Very
low
Total
Coincidence between
Alpine and
Forested Agricultural Urbanized Total
Subalpine Landscapes Landscapes Landscapes
Landscapes
13
2
2
17
3
-
1
33
-
15
9
20
-
1
1
16
45
21
1
16
36
46
2
100
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high nature value
and
high percentage of persistent
landscape elements
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Conservative agricultural landscapes as “role-models” for
sustainable development?
Vernacular architecture
At least: a promising
coincidence of
natural, cultural &
economic values !
wise use of renewable resources
ancient land management traditions
maintaining green infrastructure
Thank You !
multifunctional use of forest resources
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