Transcript Impact of urbanization on Ground Water *Solution and

“Efficient Use of Water
through Treatment and
Recycling of Waste Water”
By
Mahendra Mehta
Ground Water Management Expert
EU SPP, Rajasthan
former Commissioner, MOWR, GOI
Water Scenario
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India is the second most populous country in the world.
16% of the world’s population resides in India against
2.45% of the total land of the world.
Annual precipitation - including snowfall of about 4000
billion cubic meters bcm).
Average rainfall - 1170 mm
Average annual potential flow in rivers - about 1869 bcm
Annual utilizable water - about 1122 bcm
Surface water resources - 690 bcm
Ground water component - 431 bcm.
Demand & Supply
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Increasing demand of water to meet the ever-increasing
needs for a growing population is putting an stress on the
available water resources.
With the population expected to stabilize at 1640 million
by the year 2050,
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the gross per-capita water availability is expected to decline
from ~1820 cubic meter per year in 2001 to as low as ~1140
cubic meter per year in 2050 (< 1000 CuM /yr under stress
condition)
Unscientific and inefficient use of this vital resource is
contributing to its increasing scarcity, steep decline of
water levels and deterioration in quality of water.
Demand & Supply
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Ground water management is major factor for the
sustainability.
Demand driven exploitation without regulation
measures and understanding of area specific problems,
leads to crisis for present water supplies.
Need to manage demand - supply gap by adopting
scientific strategy for optimal utilization, if necessary with
regulation to ensure sustainability.
Increasing water use efficiency, recycling and reuse of
water, for domestic, industrial, agriculture etc. are some
of the measures to be adopted.
DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF
INDIA
(As on 31 March 2009)
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Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resources
Net Annual Ground Water Availability
Annual Ground Water Draft for Irrigation,
Domestic & Industrial uses
Stage of Ground Water Development
Categorization of Blocks / Mandals/Talukas
Total Assessed units
 Safe
4277
 Semi-Critical
523
 Critical
169
 Over-Exploited
802
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Saline
71
431 bcm
396 bcm
243 bcm
61%
5842
Saline Ground Water
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Almost 99 percent of groundwater came from
freshwater aquifers.
Very little saline groundwater is being used.
A very small amount was used for industrial
purposes( 6%), but most of the groundwater
used in mining is saline.
About 31% of the total area of Rajasthan comes
under saline groundwater (>3000 MCM).
Management Issues
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Storm water management
Sewage disposal and management
Ground water management
Water conservation and efficient use
Recycling of water
Use of poor quality of water
Regulation
Management Issues - ………contd.
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Water conservation and efficient use
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With proper conservation & treatment technology water
demand can be reduced up to 40-50 % in domestic and
industrial sector:
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Re-cycling of water
Sewage Treatment Plants (STP)
Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP)
Dual pipe line system
Efficient use of water in irrigation
This will reduce the stress on ground water resources
Control the ground water pollution
Increase the availability of water and
Reduces loads on common pool of water supply.
Re-cycling of water
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Re-cycling of water in urban & industries can
reduce the demand up to 40%
Concept of zero out flow in industries to be
adopted
Use of modern technology can be the alternative
for additional water resources
Use of Poor Quality GW
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India has huge saline ground water
Limited data is available for saline GW
Inland salinity is geogenic
In canal command areas it is due to over irrigation
Withdrawal of saline GW will provide the space for
fresh GW-Improvement in GW quality
Technologies are available which are affordable,
environmental friendly & maintenance free
Implementation Strategy for Water
Treatment & Re-cycling
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Huge volume sewage & industrial effluent goes as waste can be put to
effective use.
Provision of sewage treatment plants (STP’s) should be made
mandatory for residential complexes & Institutions in all urban areas
The cost of domestic sewage plant (80,000 lit / day) for 120 flats /
houses is around Rs. 12 lakhs;
i.e. which is about Rs. 10,000 per flat / house, which is only 3 to 4% of
the cost of flat.
The running cost - around Rs. 100 per flat /month.
70,000 lit of water per day which can be used for irrigating lawns /
green areas etc.
Industrial areas, should opt for STP / ETP individually or in group for
treating the wastewater.
Benefits of Sewage Treatment
Plant (STP):
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Reduction of water demand by 40 to 50%.
Less depending & stress on municipal water supply.
Reduces ground water pollution.
Expenditure on sewage lines can be reduced many fold.
Generates good manure, which can be used locally for
maintaining the greenery.
More availability of water for irrigation & green belts
Not very expensive yet environmental friendly.
No foul smell which is common fear- with use proper
technology.
New Technology
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A new technology which uses a
computer to generate the required
frequencies as these have to very
accurate and transmitted in a specific
order.
The computer runs on a low voltage
power source and consumes very small
amounts of power. This means even
the largest systems, (which can
process over 5000 cubic meters of
water per day) have an operating cost
of about Rs 3,000 / yr
Quality Improvement
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Sodium chloride will break into Na & Free Chlorine (Cl2 ) which
disinfects the water and vents off as a gas
HCO3,NO3 & SO4 will be broken down and show up as increased
dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water , with the other elements no
longer toxic.
This will reduce TDS and salinity in water
Ca & Mg will still be available to provide health benefits
The presence of CaO3 & MgCO3 will be negligible and reduce the
potential health hazards such as kidney stone, fungal skin
infection etc
ADVANTAGES OVER CONVENTIONAL
TECHNOLOGIES
1. Low capital outlay.
2. Minimal fitting cost and time (Very simple plumbing and
electrical)
3. Minimal running costs.
4. Maintenance Free.
5. No limitation on flow rate.
6. No downtime for servicing.
7. No salt regeneration.
8. Portability (easily fitted or relocated)
9. Uses no chemicals.
10. No generation of effluent/brine.
11.Treated wastewater can be used for irrigation.
12. Can be fitted to any diameter water pipe .
New technology( Hydrosmart)
have three basic components
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Power supply (not shown)
(low voltage transformer or solar power)
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Computer unit
(to generate the resonance frequencies)
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Antenna Coils
(to transfer the frequencies to the flow)
April 2006 - 15,500 ppm TDS bore water - Plantation Equestrian Centre,
Dubai
October 2006 -Healthy fast grass growth with low level of pest attack
Sum up
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Water management in India to be Tackled from all
dimensions
The success of water management depends on social
acceptance, community participation and political will
Water resources are limited and actual cost have to be
paid
Let’s join the hands to motivate Community to
manage the limited water resource for future
generations
“Samridhi Salila Adhineh”