Transcript Slide 1

Ground Water
Development in India
Prepared by:
Prashant Gupta
Program Facilitator, GOPIO.Connect
Part of Study at Kellogg School of Management, 2005
Intent
• Ground Water Availability and
Development
• Current Situation
– Water Demand
– Water Problems arising in Agriculture,
Domestic, Industry
• One Recommendation in
Agriculture Sector
• Questions and Answers
Programmed for 15 minute presentation
Ground Water Availability
90
Replinishable Ground Water by by 28 Indian States and 7
Union Territories (BCM/yr)
81.12
80
70
60
50
37.87
34.82
40
26.99
30
18.66
20
12.71
8.53
10
0.29
0.37
4.43
20
16.07
20.38
16.19
7.9
6.53
2.7
0.03
35.29
26.39
24.72
23.09
1.44
3.15
0.54
1.4
0.72 0.07 0.66
0.22
0.33
0.04
0.01
0
0.03
0
a
jar
M
a
a
& ha r t
Na asht
r
ga r
a
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i
An
dh
ra
Pr
a
Ka d esh
rna
ta k
a
K
Ta eral
a
mi
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ad
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Da A&
ma
n& N
La Diu
ks
ha
dw
Po e ep
nd
ich
err
y
Go
Gu
esh
As
sam
M
an
i
M pur
egh
a la
y
M a
i zo
ra
N m
aga
la n
d
S ik
kim
Tr
ip u
ra
Pr
ad
a ch
al
India’s total annual replinishable
underground fresh water is 433 BCM
(Billion Cubic Meters) – 344 BCM
through natural recharge from rainfall and
89 BCM from canal irrigation system.
There are 12 major river basins, the largest
is Gangetic Plain Aquifer with
replinishable ground water at 206 BCM or
48%.
Da
d ra
Development of Groundwater Withdrawl Structures (000s) in India
12000
10000
Total Number
Jha
UP
nch
al
ta r
a
Ut
Ch MP
a tt
i sg
arh
Bi
ha
r
rk
ha
nd
O
W r iss
a
est
Be
nga
l
Ar
un
H
De
l
H hi
im
ary
ach
an
a
Jam al
mu P r a
d
e
&
s
Ka h
shm
ir
Pu
nj a
Ra
b
j as
t
Ch han
an
d ig
ar h
0
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Dugwells
Shallow Tubewells
Public Tubewells
1950-51
1960-61
1968-69
1973-74
1977-78
1979-80
1984-85
1989-90
1993-94
1996-97
3860
4540
6100
6700
7435
7786
8742
9407
10225
10501
3
22
260
1138
1749
2132
3359
4754
5040
6743
2.4
8.9
14.7
22
30
33.3
48.2
63.6
69.4
90
Year
Preliminary Data Source: Ministry of Water Resources
Takeaway: India has been rich in Ground water and is one of the main
reason of sustenance its variety of life species
Current Situation: Rising Water Demand
629
710
843
1180
100%
90%
80%
70%
• Water Demand is Rising
– estimated to grow 34%
in next 25 years
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1997-98
2010
2025
2050
Preliminary Data Source: Planning Commission of Government of India
2010
2025
2050
WATER (BCM)
Low
High
Low
High
Low
High
Irrigation
543
557
561
611
628
807
Domestic
42
43
55
62
90
111
Industries
37
37
67
67
81
81
Power
18
19
31
33
70
70
Inland Navigation
7
7
10
10
15
15
Flood Control
Not available
Afforestation
Not available
Environment
/Ecology
5
5
10
10
20
20
Evaporation Losses
42
42
50
50
76
76
694
710
784
843
980
1180
Total (BCM)
• Domestic/Industry
Demand Mix growing
faster than Irrigation
Needs
Takeaway: Ground water currently
represents about 46% in Agriculture
Supply and 80% of Domestic Supply.
And its Growing
Water Trend in Agriculture Sector
Falling Water Tables
Water-Intensive “High-Income”
crops putting pressure on aquifers
levels
Agriculture Yield Growth
Drilling Costs are increasing,
reduce water supply for crops in
many areas (if no budget)
4.00%
Rate (%)
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
-1.00%
1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02
Foodgrains
3.39% 3.04% 2.57%
1.55%
1.80%
1.40%
1.47%
1.05%
1.29%
Non-foodgrains
3.19%
1.44%
2.05%
1.54%
1.55%
0.44%
0.19% -0.57%
2.44%
2.13%
1.39%
One of the factors in downward
trend in Yield (less production on
land)
Year
Preliminary Data Source: Ministry of Finance
Small Farmers are being forced to
opt-out of Agri Sector - Land
Consolidation, Economic Pain
Takeaway: Non-inclusion of water costs into crops has led to unabated use of
groundwater to generate revenues without looking the long-term impact
Water Trend in Domestic Sector
Lack of Home Access to Clean Drinking Water by States and Union Territories
70.0%
59.6%
57.8%
60.0%
52.2%
59.6%
51.3%
50.0%
39.9%
36.5%
40.0%
38.1%
37.1%
37.1%
37.1%
30.2%
29.4%
30.0%
34.7%
26.7%
24.6% 24.6%
22.6%
17.7%
20.0%
14.8%
14.4%
12.0%
22.0%
21.5%
19.1%
10.7%
15.5%
18.1% 18.2%
13.0%
15.0%
16.7%
10.0%
1.3%
1.1%
1.1%
Lack of clean water can be attributed to many
factors (but not limited to):
• Geographic salinity in coastal areas and other
contaminations such as Fluoride, Arsenic in
Arid areas
• Waste disposal from urban areas and industry
sectors
• Water Supply Management
G
oa
G
D
u
jar
ad
M
ra
a
a
& ha r t
N ash
tra
ag
ar
H
av
eli
A
nd
hra
Pr
ad
Ka esh
rn
ata
ka
Ke
ra
Ta
mi l a
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ad
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A
D
am &
N
an
&
La Diu
ks
ha
dw
Po e ep
nd
ich
err
y
lP
ra
de
sh
A
s sa
m
M
an
i
M pur
egh
a la
y
M a
izo
ra
N m
ag
ala
nd
Si
kk
im
Tr
ip u
ra
cha
U
P
ra
nch
al
tta
U
Ch MP
at
tis
ga
rh
Bi
Jh ha r
ar
kh
an
d
Or
i
W
s
est s a
Be
ng
al
A
ru
na
H
D
el
H hi
im
ary
a
a
Ja chal na
mm
Pr
u & ade
s
Ka h
sh
mi
r
Pu
nj a
Ra
b
j as
t
Ch han
an
d ig
ar
h
0.0%
230 million citizens who are without
clean fresh water for domestic use
• 10% is urban population (28 million out
of total of 280 million) and
• 27% is rural population (202 million out
of total 740 million)
Takeaway: Clean water is a basic human right and contaminated access is broiling
conflicts (one of the reason of social disorder) in many corners of the society
Water Trend in Industrial Sector
Industrial Pollution has led to Aquifers Damage and bringing
disease to entire biological system
-
Water-borne diseases to Children. According to a World Bank
estimate, out of 1 million diarrhea deaths in India every year, more than
700,000 are children under 5, mostly in rural and urban slums (w/o clean
water)
-
Organic loading of the subterranean environment such as toxic
chemicals like pesticides, various salts (potassium chloride, potassium
nitrate) and heavy metals like lead is hurting animal and plant species.
-
Water erosion in many semi-arid and arid regions has lead to decrease
of soil fertility and land subsidence.
Takeaway: Biodiversity is under tremendous pressure and additional economic
burden needs to be put up on Industries for Waste Management
Recommendation in Agriculture Sector
Inclusion of Water Economics in Crop Selection
MODEL: TO CALCULATE WATER NEED TO GENERATE UNIT REVENUE FROM CROPS
• Area (A) = The land used for crop production (measured in million hectares) (Source: GOI)
• Production (P)= The weigth of total crop production (measured in Kilograms or kg)
• Yield (Y) = Production / Area (measured in Kg per hectare)
• Water Need for Crop Production (WNCP) = measured in Litres per Kg (Source: FAO)
• Producer Price of Crop (PPC) = measured in Rupees per 100 Kg (Source: FAO)
• Fixed Water Cost (FWC) = Rs. 0.25 per 1000 liters (mostly subsidized by State Governments)
33 crops were selected
based on Export
Potential and Domestic
Consumption
• Sugarcane requires
highest water
consumption to generate
unit revenue.
12 0 .0 0 %
10 0 .0 0 %
8 0 .0 0 %
6 0 .0 0 %
4 0 .0 0 %
2 0 .0 0 %
0 .0 0 %
arc
an
Co e
tto
C n
G offe
ro
un e
d
So nut
ya
Ra
be
pe
an
see
d & Ma
M ize
us
ta r
d
W
he
at
Ju
te Rice
&
M
e
Li sta
n
Tu S ee
d
r(
Ar
ha
r)
Le
nt G ra
il (
m
M
asu
r)
Te
O a
ni o
n
Ba
na
na
Po
tat
o
Jo
wa
r
Ap
ple
Su Baj r
nf
a
lo
Pi wer
ne
ap
p
Co le
cu
Eg nu
t
N
atu gpla
ra l nts
Ru *
bb
e
Se r
sam
e
Sp
ice
G s
ra
To pes
ba
Ca cc
sh o
ew
nu
M t
an
O go
ra n
ge
s
-2 0 .0 0 %
Su
g
-4 0 .0 0 %
-6 0 .0 0 %
-8 0 .0 0 %
% Gross Margin at Water Cost = Rs 0.25
-10 0 .0 0 %
% Gross Margin at Water Cost = Rs 0.50
• Fruits such as
Oranges, Grapes,
Mango, Banana,
Pineapple produces very
high revenue per
hectare, a good potential
for exports and less
water need.
Recommendation: Government of India should consider water-tax on Retailers of water-intensive
commercial crop-end user products and should look into providing tax-incentives for fruit industry
Questions & Answers
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