Transcript ra aris wyali?

wyali
ra aris wyali?
yvelam viciT Tu ra aris wyali?
ra TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba igi?
rogor gamoisaxeba wylis formula?
ra qimiuri elementebisgan Sedgeba igi?
ra aris wyali?
albaT yvela TqvenTaganma icis Tu rogor gamoisaxeba wylis formula
H 2O
wyali Sedgeba Jangbadis erTi da wyalbadis ori atomisagan. wyalbadis
dadebiTi atomebi dakavSirebulia Jangbadis uaryofiT atomTan, romelic
erTobliobaSi qmnis wylis molekulas.
wylis molekula
wylis fizikuri Tvisebebi
wyali unikaluria imiT, rom igi aris erTaderTi bunebrivi nivTiereba bunebaSi, romelic
erTdroulad arsebobs sam mdgomareobaSi
siTxe (wyali), myari (yinuli) da airi (orTqli)
wylis gayinvis temperatura celsiusis Skalis mixedviT aris 00, xolo duRilis
temperatura 1000.
wylis fizikuri Tvisebebi
• wyali uCveuloa imiTac, rom wylis myari forma - yinuli naklebad mkvrivia vidre
siTxe. amitomac aris, rom yinuli wylis zedapirze tivtivebs.
• wyals axasiaTebs maRali Tbotevadoba. es ki gulisxmobs, rom wyals SeuZlia
STanTqas didi raodenobiT siTbo. amitomac aris, rom is farTod gamoiyeneba
mrewvelobasa da manqanis radiatorebSi.
wyali adamianis organizmSi
iciT Tu ara rom:
adamianis organizmis 60% wyalia
da, rom yoveldRiurad adamianma, rogrc sasmelis, aseve
sakvebis saxiT unda miiRos 2,4litri wyali.
wylis formebi
bunebriv pirobebSi wyali gvxvdeba sam agregatul mdgomareobaSi:
• siTxe (wyali)
• airadi (orTqli)
• myari (yinuli)
wylis sxva specifiuri formebi:
• wvima
• Tovli
• setyva
• nami
wylis cirkulacia
dedamiwa - “lurji” planeta
dedamiwis 70% wyals ukavia,
amitomac mas “lurj” planetas
uwodeben
dedamiwa - “lurji” planeta
wyali gvxvdeba yvelagan:
• okeaneebi
• mdinareebi
• tbebi
• nakadulebi
• miwisqveSa wylebi
mecnierTa gamoTvlebiT:
• 1 miliardze met adamians ar SeuZlia miiRos sufTa sasmeli wyali
• 2.4 miliardze meti adamiani cxovrobs mZime sanitarul pirobebSi (kanalizaciis sistemis ar
arseboba, wylis miwodebis sistemis ar arseboba)
• 2025 wlisaTvis dedamiwis mosaxleobis 2/3 daitanjeba wylis naklebobiT
wyali da adamiani
dRes adamiani bevrad ufro met wyals moixmars, vidre es iyo
100 wlis ukan.
wyali farTod gamoiyeneba
• soflis meurneobaSi
• industriaSi
• yoveldRiur yofa-cxovrebaSi
wylis dabinZureba
wylis ZiriTadi damabinZurebelia – adamiani
da misi saqmianoba
• soflis meurneoba
• mSenebloba
• narCenebi da saxifaTo nivTierebebis gaJonva
• mrewveloba
• sayofacxovrebo narCenebis gavrceleba
sasmeli wylis istoria
pirveli wyalgayvaniloba gaSenda egvipteSi da sparseTSi. Semdeg Zvelma
romaelebma gaiyvanes e.w akvedukebi, magram romis civilizaciis dacemis
Semdeg xalxma maTi aRdgena ver moaxerxa.
saqarTveloSi dRemde aris SemorCenili uZvelesi wyalgayvanilobis sistemis
naSTebi, romlebic TixiT iyo damzadebuli. amis magaliTebia: ufliscixe,
varZia da sxva.
wylis dabinZureba
zedapiruli wylebis dabinZureba
zedapiruli wylebi warmoadgnes dedamiwis bunebriv resurss da wamoadgens dedamiwis qerqis eqsteriers,
esenia: mdinareebi, tbebi, nakadulebi, zRvebi da okeaneebi. maTi dabinZureba SesaZlebelia moxdes
sxvadasxva gziT.
miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZureba
didi raodenobiT wyali aris aseve miwis qveS, romelsac miwisqveSa wylebi ewodeba. maTi dabinZurebis
ZiriTadi wyaroa pesticidebi, romelic ZiriTadad miwidan xvdeba sasoflo-sameurneo saqminobebis Sedegad.
janmrTelobis riskebi
wylis nebismieri saxis dabinZureba saSiSia, rogorc adamianis, aseve cxovelTa janmrTelobisaTvis. dabinZirebuli
wylis mavne zemoqmedeba SeiZleba xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi mimdanareobdes. sxvadasva saxis
dabinZureba iwvevs sxvadasxva daavadebebebs:
• samrewvelo industriaSi momxmarebuli mZime metalebi Camdinare wylebis saxiT akumulirdebian mimdebare teritoriaze
arsebul mdinareebsa da tbebSi. mZime metalebi warmoadgnen toqsikur nivTierebebs, romelic iwvevs wyalSi mobinadre
cocxali organizmebis mowamvlas, Semdeg ki maTi sakvebad moxmarebis Sedegad adaminebis mowamvlasac.
• garkveul toqsikur nivTierebebs SeiZleba hqondeT susti efeqti, magram zogierTi toqsikuri nivTierebis zemoqmedeba
SesaZloa momakvdinebelic ki aRmoCndes.
janmrTelobis riskebi
• Camdinare wylebSi mikrobiologiuri damabinZureblebi iwveven sxvadasxva infeqciur daavadebebs,
rogoricaa qolera, tifi da a.S.
• mJave wylebSi arsebuli sulfaturi nawilakebi axdenen wylis faunis dazianebas da mowamvlas, rac
SesaZloa sasikvdilo SedegiT dasruldes
• mtknar wylebSi Sewonili nawilakebis arseboba amcirebs wylis xarisxs da aseve sazianos xdis wylis
faunas. Sewonili nawilakebi amcirebs aseve mzis sxivebis SeRwevis unars zedapirul wylebSi da xels uSlis
fotosinTezis procesis mimdinareobas.
wylis gawmenda
• bunebrivi
gawmenda
• xelovnuri
gawmenda
dazogva da dabinZurebisagan dacva
vinaidan yoveli CvenTagani moixmars wyals, yvelas movaleobas warmoadgens
davzogoT igi da davicvaT dabinZurebisagan.
aqedan gamomdinare wylis resursebis gadarCenis ori ZiriTadi principi arsebobs:
dazogva da dabinZurebisagan dacva.
wylis dazogva saxlis pirobebSi
• WurWlis recxvis win, TefSebs moacileT saWmlis didi narCenebi
• ar garecxoT WurWeli gamdinare wylis qveS, moagroveT wyali niJaraSi. es dazogavs dasaxarji wylis naxevars
mainc
• niJaras gaukeTeT saleqari xilisa da bostneulis recxvis dros
• cxeli obieqtebis gagrileba wylis nakadis qveS wylis uyairaTo xarjvaa
• sarecxi manqana CarTeT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi savsea
wylis dazogva saxlis pirobebSi
• gamoiyeneT saponi da saTli manqanis gasarecxad, xolo rezinis mili gamoiyeneT mxolod bolos –
gasavlebad
• terasebi da aivnebi gadarecxeT wvimis wyliT, roca wvims
• ezoSi foTlebi focxiT moagroveT, ar gadarecxoT is rezinis miliT
• ar morwyoT baRi sasmeli wyliT. gamoiyeneT Wis an dagrovebuli wvimis wyali
• moerideT morwyvas qarSi da mcxunvare mzeSi, es is droa roca wyali swrafad orTqldeba
rogor davicvaT wyali dabinZurebisagan
WurWlis sarecxi siTxe da fxvnili
sarecxi saSualebebi, romlebic dResdReobiT iyideba, toqsikuria da koroziuli. maT sanacvlod SesaZlebelia
gamoviyenoT Zmari, wyali an soda.
minis sawmendi saSualebebi
minis sawmendi saSuelebebic toqsikuri da koroziulia. saojaxo saSualebebi, rogoricaa magaliTad Tbili
wyali da Zmari, ufro usafrTxo alternativaa.
rogor davicvaT wyali dabinZurebisagan
kanalizaciis sawmendi saSualebebi
es produqtebic Zlier toqsikur nivTierebebs Seicavs, romelmac aseve SeiZleba gamoiwvios wva. SegiZliaT
gamoiyenoT wyalsatumbi an mavTuli gaWedili milis gasawmendad.
maTeTrebeli saSualebebi
maTeTrebeli saSualebebic toqsikur elementebs Seicavs. maT magivrad SesaZlebelia sodisa da Zmris
gamoiyeneba.
sarecxi geli da fxvnilebi
maTac Zlieri toqsikuri Semadgenloba aqvT. SecvaleT isini sodiT.
rogor davzogoT wyali
• SevakeToT wylis milebi, imisaTvis rom ar moxdes wylis dakargva gzaSi
• soflis meurneobaSi gamoviyenoT „wveTovani“ morwyvis sistema, imisaTvis rom SevamciroT wylis
danakargi
• avaSenoT wylis gamwmendi sistema, sadac ki SesaZlebelia sawarmoebSi dainergos wylis “cirkulaciis”
sistema (rodesac sawarmo teqnikuri miznebisaTvis iyenebs erTxel ukve gamoyenebul da gawmendil
wyals)
wyali - Cveni arsebobis sawyisi