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International Seminar on Information Technology
for Development of Small- and Medium-sized
Exporters in East Asia and Latin America
ECLAC - Santiago, Chile, 23-24 November 2004
Information Technology:
Concepts Applied to
SMEs’, Trade Facilitation
and Exports
Organized by ECLAC with the collaboration of IDE/JETRO, sponsored by UNDP
Sidney Rezende
Division of International Trade and Integration
ECLAC
E-COMMERCE and E-BUSINESS
The Difference
E-commerce, or electronic commerce, is conducting
business communications and transactions via
computers and over networks. It is the buying and selling
of goods and services through digital communication. It
also includes transactions on the WWW and Internet, and
electronic funds transfer, smart cards, and digital cash,
among others.
E-business, or electronic business, derived from 'ecommerce'. It is conducting business on the Internet, but
not just buying and selling but also servicing customers
and collaborating with business partners. The term
conveys that the business conducts its business entirely
online.
ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANCE - EDI
What is it?
EDI is “ transfer of structured data, by agreed
message standards, from one computer system
to another by electronic means ”
UN/EDIFACT is the international EDI
Standard developed under the United Nations.
The acronym stands for "United Nations /
Electronic Data Interchange For Administration,
Commerce, and Transport". The work of
maintenance and further development of this
standard is done through UN/CEFACT.
DATA STANDARDS: Too Many!
agXML
XAML
cXML
Togaf
UNe
Doc
IATA
OTA
Rosettanet
CIDX
GCI
xCBL
UBL
HL7
SWIFT
xBRL
Bolero
SMDG
EHD
GML
VICS
PIDX
HRXML
BSML
Open
trans
Acord
Econstruct
CAT
XML
xCat
All have different data elements!
UN / CEFACT www.unece.org/cefact/
United Nations Centre
for Trade Facilitation
and Electronic
Business
• Mission: to improve the ability of business,
trade and administrative organizations,
worldwide, to exchange products and relevant
services effectively - and so contribute to the
growth of global commerce.
• It facilitates the development of e-business
standards that can cross all international
boundaries and help lower transaction costs,
simplify data flow and reduce bureaucracy
• Work outputs of UN/CEFACT activities include
the UN/EDIFACT and e-business XML –
ebXML (ISO 15000)
STANDARDIZATION: Benefits to the
entire community
• OASIS and (Organization for the Advancement of
Structured Information Standards) UN/CEFACT
joint initiative
Mission: "... enable a global electronic
marketplace where enterprises of any size and in
any geographical location can meet and conduct
business with each other through the exchange of
XML based messages".
XML and ebXML: Definition
• XML (eXtensible Markup Language ) is a
markup language for documents containing
structured information (for example: vector
graphics, e-commerce transactions)
• ebXML (electronic business using
eXtensible Markup Language) is a
modular suite of specifications that
enables enterprises of any size and in any
geographical location to conduct business
over the Internet.
Currently more than 800 million
Internet users are online globally
www.internetworldstats.com
ADVANTAGES OF
e-BUSINESS FOR SMEs
Online retail is estimated to increase
from $121 billion in 2004 to nearly
www.emarketer.com
$316 billion by 2010.
www.forrester.com
ADVANTAGES OF e-BUSINESS FOR SMEs
To be more efficient in their internal
processes.
 To select the best suppliers from any part
of the world.
To develop a closer relationship with their
local and foreign suppliers.
 To offer better services according to the
requirements and expectations of their
clients.
To offer goods and services in the global
market.
e-TRANSACTIONS: The Diferent Types
Business
Business
Consumer
Government
Consumer
Government
Sale contract,
Transport contract,
Payment order
Provision of
Web-based
online services
Declarations to
Customs , eprocurement
On-line
Ordering on
Electronic
catalogue
e-mail,
Classified
advertisements
Electronic
submission of
Revenue Tax
Declaration
Response from
Customs, eprocurement
Provision of
Web-based
online services
Consolidation of
statistical,
Vat data,
Contract and order
B2B
C2B
G2B
B2C
C2C
G2C
B2G
C2G
G2G
B2B and B2C INDICATORS
WORLD
E-Commerce
(US$ bln)
B2B (US$ bln)
B2C (US$ bln)
LATIN AMERICA
E-Commerce
(US$bln)
B2B (US$bln)
B2C (US$bln)
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
130
110
20
282
210
72
516
365
152
916
666
251
1420
995
425
2800
1641,42
565
4300
2380
730
0,6
0,4
0,2
1,5
0,9
0,5
3,3
2,9
1,3
6,4
3,5
1,5
11,0
4,5
2,6
10,2
6,0
4,2
15,7
9,3
6,4
Source: www.e-consultingcorp.com.br/insider_info/indicadores.htm
e-TRANSACTIONS: Tortas_Peru - PE
B2C
e-TRANSACTIONS: Carvajal - CO
B2B
250.000
TRANSACTIONS
PER MONTH
AMOUNTING TO
OVER US$ 100
MILLION.
It integrates suppliers and merchandisers in retail/mass marketing
communities.
Over 2.000 companies in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela,
mostly SMEs but also big corporations such as Nestlé, Procter &
Gamble and Unilever.
e-TRANSACTIONS: COMPRASNET - BR
G2B
Mexico Survey Report Findings (I)
“Comparative Study on East Asian and Latin-American
IT Industries”, ECLAC, 15 October 2004.
 Build a strong telecommunications and
Internet infrastructure
 Create ITC business incubators and ITC
Industrial Parks
 Provide incentives to telecom companies
to build networks
 Expand existing infrastructure to promote
greater broadband bandwidth.
 Invest in human capital and job creation
Mexico Survey Report Findings (II)
“Comparative Study on East Asian and Latin-American
IT Industries”, ECLAC, 15 October 2004.
 Establish basic rules for online commerce
 Maintain an open government
procurement bidding process
 Build consumer confidence in the
electronic world
 Eliminate trade barriers
 Provide access to financial capital
 Ensure network and information security
E-TRANSACTIONS: SECURITY
RISKS OF E-COMMERCE :
 Messages can be intercepted and manipulated;
 The validity of documents can be denied;
 Personal data can be illicitly collected;
TASKS OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE :
 Verify the origin of the data (Authentication of
data source);
 Check that data are complete and unchanged
(Integrity of data)
 Guarantee the confidentiality of data message
(Message content security)
E-TRANSACTIONS: SECURITY
Encryption
Public-Key Infrastructures (PKI)
is a form of Cryptography which transforms (by mean of an
Different
Systems
of E-Sign
Algorithm) a plaintext
into an unreadable
cyphered text (encryption)
To and
verify
a digital
the verifier must have access to the
vice
versa signature,
(decryption).
Signatory’s
public-key andand
haveSystems
assuranceare
thatcurrently
it corresponds to
Various Techniques
theAt
signatory’s
private key.provides
However,
amost
publicand private-key
pair
present,
encryption
the
important
tool
to
keep
available
on thewith
market
by which
someaor
allofthe
has
no
association
any
person:
it
is
simply
pair
electronic communication and documents confidential. Encryption
numbers.
functions
mentioned
above into
can financial
be performed
in an
is increasingly
being integrated
and banking
messages. environment. These are referred to
Anelectronic
additional mechanism is necessary to associate reliably a particular
Digital
Signature
person
or entity
to the key pair. signatures”:
This is usually done by third
broadly
as “electronic
Parties
( “Certification
orsignature
“Certification
Service Provider”)
To sign
a document Authority”
with a digital
the signatory:
which
associate
an identified
signatory
or the
signatory’s
name
(I)
Delimits
precisely
the
borders
of
what
is
to
be
signed.
 aEncryption;
with
specific public-key.
(II) Signatory’s software computes a result unique to the information
In
atonumber
of countries,
such certification authorities are organized
be
signed;
Digital
Signature;
hierarchically
into
what is often
to aasdigital
a “Public-Key
(III) Software
transforms
the referred
result into
signature using the
Infrastructure” (PKI).
private
key.
signatory’s
Personal
Identification
Numbers (PIN);
TRACEABILITY: What is it?
 Traceability is the ability to trace the
history, application or location of an entity
by means of recorded identification.
Tracking is the capability to follow the path of a
specified unit of a product and/or batch through
the supply chain as it moves between
organisations towards the final point-of-sale or
point-of-service
Tracing is the capability to identify the origin of a
particular unit and/or batch of product located
within the supply chain by reference to records
held upstream.
TRACEABILITY: Flow of Information
T R AC K IN G :
GR OW ER
P AC KH O US E
B AT C H
B at c h tr acea b il it y:
AI ( 01) an d A I ( 10 )
H um an re ad ab le
S UP PL IE R
R E TA IL E R
T ra d e u n it la b el:
A I ( 01 ) and AI ( 10) .
O ptiona l: AI ( 11) or ( 13 ),
fi e ld b in la b el
A I ( 41 2) , A I ( 30 ), AI ( 3 10x)
SU PPL IE R
H o m o ge n o u s lo g ist ic
u n it la b el:
A I ( 00 ), AI (0 1) or ( 02 ) &
( 37) , and AI ( 10) .
O ptiona l: AI ( 11) or ( 13 ),
A I ( 41 2) , A I ( 31 0x)
M ixed l og ist ic unit lab el:
T R AC I NG :
A I ( 00 ). Opt ion a l: AI (1 1)
o r (1 3), A I ( 41 2) , A I ( 31 0x)
G RO WE R
B AT CH
P AC K HO US E
S UP PL IE R
R E TA IL E R
E-FINANCE Loans, Investments and
Payments
e-Finance is about web-enabling
everything that a financial institutions
does – giving loans, offering
investments (stocks, funds, bonds),
executing transactions etc. – all
available using web technology
In Latin America, on-line financial market activity is
limited, with some exceptions in Brazil and Mexico,
where on-line brokerage services seem welldeveloped.
E-FINANCE: Offline Payments
Payment method
Bank-to-bank
transfers (by
cable wire or
teleg.transfer)
Key characteristics
• Efficient, often used in B2B –
•Sellers (buyers) bear the risks if post-payments, prepayments are made
• Solvency / reputation inquiries about parties, in order to
reduce payment risks
Cash on Delivery • Risks shared between parties
• Possible only with few neighbouring countries
(COD)
• Relatively expansive and inefficient
Letters of Credit • The preferred way for large B2B transactions
•Expensive and administratively heavy but offers good
(L/C)
security for buyers and sellers
Transfers by
Western Union
• Dense worldwide network
•Very fast but very expensive (from US to Peru US$150
costs US$20 to be transferred)
Checks & Money • Inefficient and rather expensive
•Good B2C acceptance: risk: checks without funds, but
Orders
limited for money orders
E-FINANCE: Online Payments
Payment method
Key characteristics
Credit Card
using Secure
Sockets Layer
(SSL)
• When SSL is used, surfers can notice a closed lock icon
at the bottom of their browser
• Used for small amounts
•Comission 2-5% to be borne by sellers
• Difficult for SMEs from developing countries (contract Merchant account).
Credit Card
without SSL
• No much used
• Worldwide
•Wrongly perceived by buyers as unsafe
• Risks of fraud are fully borne by sellers
SET – Secure
Electronic
Transaction
• System developed and supported by Visa, MC, Amex,
IBM, Microsoft and Verisign.
• It is SAFE - Worldwide
• High Commission 2-5%
PayPal
• Online payment solution with 35 million account.
Members in 38 countries. Originally developed for auction
sites such as eBay.
TRADE FACILITATION: Transportation, Port-
System and Logistics, Trade Finance, Security
TRADE PROMOTION: IT and Non-IT Sectors
CREATING AN EFFICIENT AND SECURE
TRADE INFRASTRUCTURE
TRADE PROCEDURES and MEASURES:
e-Customs, e-Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary
Certificates, e-Certificate of Origin, and
Single Window System
INSURANCE
CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE
OF
ORIGIN
LETTER
OF
CREDIT
PHITOSANITARY
CERTIFICATES
DECLARATIONS
MANIFEST
CUSTOM
CLEARANCE
DEBIT
ADVICE
REMITANCE
ADVICE
PAYMENT
ORDER
INVOICE
FORWARDING
INSTRUCTION
STOWAGE
PLAN-BAY
PLAN
PURCHASE
ORDER
BTW 20 and 40 PAPER DOCUMENTS
REQUIRED FOR INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Costs: up to 10 per cent of the value of the goods.
Every year, US$550 Billion Worldwide.
BILL
OF
LADING
WAYBILL
ARRIVAL
NOTICE
CUSTOMS INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Latin America and the Caribbean
SINGLE WINDOW: The Most Common Models
Simplifying International Trade
The new approach - a simple, onestop solution offering official control
with trade facilitation.
UN CEFACT Recommendation 33
12TH APEC ECONOMIC LEADERS' MEETING
12TH APEC ECONOMIC LEADERS' MEETING
SANTIAGO DECLARATION
"ONE COMMUNITY, OUR FUTURE"
Santiago de Chile
20-21 November 2004
(...)
Trade Facilitation: We will continue our work to
reduce business transaction costs by cutting red tape,
embracing automation, harmonizing standards and
eliminating unnecessary barriers to trade. We will also
work together to advance the trade facilitation
negotiations in the WTO, promote secure trade, and
build on the APEC Best Practices for RTAs/FTAs in the
area of trade facilitation;
(...)
KNOWLEDGE AND TOOLS
FOR SMEs
GLOBAL TRADEPOINT NETWORK
www.wtpfed.org/newsite/index1.php
• A trade facilitation centre, where participants in foreign
trade transactions are grouped together under a single
physical or virtual roof to provide all the necessary services
for trade transactions. Participants: chambers of
commerce, customs, foreign trade institutes, banks, freight
forwarders, transport agencies and insurance companies.
G
T
P
• A source of trade-related information, providing actual and
potential traders with data about business and market
opportunities, potential clients and suppliers, as well as trade
regulations and requirements.
N
E
T
• A gateway to global networking, in order to increase the
participation of traders, particularly SMEs, in the emerging
electronic commerce economy.
WORLD TRADE POINT FEDERATION
www.wtpfed.org/newsite/index1.php
Sidney Rezende, CEPAL, Agosto 1997
INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTER
(UNCTAD / WTO)
www.intracen.org/ec/welcome.htm
STUDIES AND PUBLICATIONS - ECLAC
71 PUBLICATIONS
on Information
Technology
6 PUBLICATIONS
on e-BUSINESS,
e-COMMERCE
WWW.ECLAC.ORG
www.eclac.org/comercio
Thank you for your Attention!
Sidney Rezende
[email protected]