Transcript Indo-European Languages

Origins of the Indo-Europeans
Ancient Greece
Spring 2011
Discover of the Indo-European
Language Family
• Jacob (1785-1863) and Wilhelm (1786-1859) Grimm
– German Grammar (1819)
– History of the German Language (1848)
– German Dictionary (1854)
• Rasmus Rask (1787-1832)
– Comparisons between German, Slavonic, Persian and Indian
languages
– Rask’s -- Grimm’s Law
• Franz Bopp (1791-1867)
– Comparative Grammar (1833/52)
• August Schleicher (1821-1868)
– First Divisions of the Indo-European Peoples (1853)
– Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European
Languages (1861/62)
Comparative Vocabulary
English
One
Two
Three
four
Five
six
Seven
Eight
Nine
ten
German
eins
zwei
drei
vier
funf
sechs
sieben
acht
neun
zehn
Greek
hen
duo
treis
tettares
pente
hex
hepta
okto
ennea
deka
Latin
Irish
unus
aon
duo
do
tres
tri
quattuor ceathair
quinque cuig
sex
se
septem seacht
octo
ocht
novem naoi
decem deich
French
un
deux
trois
quatre
cinq
six
sept
huit
neuf
dix
Russian
odin
dva
tri
chetyre
pyat
shesht
sem
vosem
devyat
desyat
Bengali
ek
dvi
tri
car
pac
chay
sat
at
nay
das
Rask’s- Grimm’s Law
bh > b > p > f
dh > d > t > th
gh > g > k > x(ch, h)
ghw > gw > kw > x(ch,h)w
Bhratr > brother > bratr> frater
Pada > pous > pes/pedis > fuss > foot
Gelandros > gelumas > gelu > kalt > cold
Quos- > quos > que > cso > hvat > what
Indo-European Language Family
according to August Schleicher (1861)
Italic
Italo-Celtic
Celtic
Germanic
ProtoIndo-European
GermanoBalto-Slavic
Slavic
Baltic
Aryan
Indo-Aryan
Indic
Problems
• Time and Place – “homeland” and divisions
• Relationship to other language families
– Uralic, Altaic, Kartvelian, Semitic (Afro-Asiatic)
•
•
•
•
•
Hittite Problem
Tocharian Problem
Relation of Greek to other Languages
Mechanics of dissemination
Was there an Ursprache at all?
Indo-European Language Family
according to Francesco Adranos (1982)
Phase I
Archaic Proto Indo-European
Anatolian
Phase II
Western PIE
Tocharian
Southern PIE
Phase III
Germano-Balto-Slavic
Indo-Aryan
Celtic
Italic
Greek and Armenian
Indo-Aryan
Uralic (Finno-Ugric)
Gimbutas
Kartvelian
Greek
Hittite
Renfrew
Gamkrelidze
Ivanov
Mitanni
(Indo –Aryan)
Afro-Asiatic (Semitic)
Spread of Agriculture
6500-5500 BC
The Growth of Old
Europe and the
Steppe Cultures
5500-3800 BC
“Old
Europe”
Old Europe and the
Steppe Cultures
3600-3000 BC
Climate Change and the End of Old
Europe
Ustavo Culture
Hittite
Luwian
The Coming of the
Indo-Europeans
3000-2500 BC