Transcript Mass Media in Japan: Independent or Politicized?

Mass Media in Japan:
Independent or Politicized?
B11629 Rina Harda
Do you remember this?
2014.6.29
Shinjuku
He was against
the right of
collective selfdefense
(集団的自衛権)
However… It was not broadcasted widely.
However…
(Cabinet Office 2008)
We have seen a lot of articles and
news about students’ suicide because
of bullying.
集団的自衛権反対！
Why was his suicide not broadcasted ?
Mass Media in Japan:
Independent or Politicized?
B11629 Rina Harda
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Defining Terms
3. Independent
4. Politicized
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Defining Terms
3. Independent
4. Politicized
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion
2. Defining Terms
Mass Media
Sources of information and news that reach
and influence large numbers of people
(Turnbull 2010: 946)
2. Defining Terms
Independent
from
Being doneFree
or given
bypolitical
somebody who is not
control
involved in a situation
and so is able to judge
fairly
(Turnbull 2010: 791)
2. Defining Terms
Politicized
Controlled by
Being madepoliticians
more involved in politics
(Turnbull 2010: 1172)
2. Defining Terms
Mass Media in Japan:
Independent
(=Free from political control)
or
Politicized?
(=controlled by politicians)
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Defining Terms
3. Independent
4. Politicized
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion
3. Independent
3.1 Censorship is unconstitutional
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB
3.1 Censorship is unconstitutional
日本国憲法第三章
第二十一条
集会、結社及び言論、出版その他一切の表現の自由は、これを
保障する。
検閲は、これをしてはならない。通信の秘密は、これを侵しては
ならない。
3.1 Censorship is unconstitutional
is one
of the few
U.S.AJapan
/ Canada
/ France
/ Switzerland
countries
which have
Mass Media
in Japan
is independent.
provisions
related to
(=Free
from political
control)
censorship(検閲の禁止) and
secrecy of communication（通
Don’t
have!
信の秘密）.
（Takahashi 2007）
3. Independent
3.1 Censorship is unconstitutional
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB
RWB =
Reporters Without Borders(国境なき記者団)
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB
The criteria of the ranking
• Pluralism (多様性)
• Media Independence (メディアの自立性)
• Environment and self-censorship (環境と自己検閲)
• Legislative framework (法的枠組み)
• Transparency (透明性)
• Infrastructure (基盤)
(RWB 2014a)
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB
The criteria of the ranking
Is there any
connections to
politicians?
• Pluralism (多様性)
• Media Independence (メディアの自立性)
• Environment and self-censorship (環境と自己検閲)
• Legislative framework (法的枠組み)
• Transparency (透明性)
• Infrastructure (基盤)
(RWB 2014a)
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB
Table 1
Average point of G20’s countries
in the RWB ranking (2002-2014)
Rank
1
2
3
4
Country
Average
11
Argentina
17.58
point
12
Brazil
21.79
4.15
13 Indonesia
Japan’s average
rank
is high
Canada
4.32
14 India
Mass
Media
in
Japan
is
independent.
in
G20
countries.
The United Kingdom
7.54
15 Turkey
(=Free
from
political
control)
Australia
16 Mexico
(No.5 out
of8.12
19 countries)
Germany
34.43
34.95
38.31
45.55
Japan
8.74
17
Russia
51.45
6
France
10.05
18
Saudi Arabia
67.76
7
The United States of America
10.52
19
China
87.90
8
South Africa
11.24
9
Republic of Korea
13.25
Italy
14.29
5
10
Source: Reporters Without
Borders, World Press
Freedom Index (2014b)
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Defining Terms
3. Independent
4. Politicized
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion
4. Politicized
4.1 Report of Fukushima meltdown
4.2 Secrets Protection Law
4.3 Kisha club
4.1 Report of Fukushima meltdown
Graph 1 The number of times the phase "meltdown" was used
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Mass
Mediamass
in Japan
isThe
politicized.
Japanese
media did
not
New York Times
use
the word “meltdown”
until
The
Washington Post
(Controlled
by politicians)
May.
朝日新聞
0
Source:
Asahi Shimbun Database (Kikuzō),
New York Times Database,
Washington Post Database
4. Politicized
4.1 Report of Fukushima meltdown
4.2 Secrets Protection Law
4.3 Kisha club
4.2 Secrets Protection Law
• Secrets Protection Law（特定秘密保護法）
－2013.12.13 公布
－2014.12.10 施行
However…
この法律は、安全保障上の秘匿性の高い情報の漏えいを
防止し、国と国民の安全を確保するためのものです。
(Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 2014)
4.2 Secrets Protection Law
第三条
行政機関の長は、当該行政機関の所掌事務に係る別表に掲げる事項に関す
る情報であって、公になっていないもののうち、その漏えいが我が国の安全保障
に著しい支障を与えるおそれがあるため、特に秘匿することが必要であるものを
特定秘密として指定するものとする。
The explanation about
the secret is abstract
and vague.
１．防衛に関する事項
２．外交に関する事項
３．特定有害活動（スパイ行為等）の防止に関する事項
４．テロリズムの防止に関する事項
4.2 Secrets Protection Law
第二十二条
２ 出版又は報道の業務に従事する者の取材行為については、専ら公益を図る
目的を有し、かつ、法令違反又は著しく不当な方法によるものと認められない限
りは、これを正当な業務による行為とするものとする
Mori “It is difficult to give an individual example.”
(Asahi Shimbun 2013)
4.2 Secrets Protection Law
第二十三条
２ 第四条第五項、第九条、第十条又は第十八条第四項後段の規定により提供
If a journalist reports the
された特定秘密について、当該提供の目的である業務により当該特定秘密を知
secret, he/she will be
得した者がこれを漏らしたときは、五年以下の懲役に処
し、又は情状により五年以下の懲役及び五百万円以下の罰金に処する。
punished.
Mass Media in Japan is politicized.
(Controlled by politicians)
4. Politicized
4.1 Report of Fukushima meltdown
4.2 Secrets Protection Law
4.3 Kisha club
4.3 Kisha club
Japan National Press Club
(JNPC/Nippon Kisha Club)
―to protect people’s rights to know
(Japan National Press Club 2010)
4.3 Kisha club
Most of them are linked to public bodies such as
ministries and provincial governments, large
Information
through
companies, political
parties and
the Imperial
Household Agency. Kisha club
Mass Media
Japan isbypoliticized
（RWB 2008）
may beincontrolled
(=controlled
by politicians)
government.
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Defining Terms
3. Independent
4. Politicized
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion
5. Analysis
• Independent
3.1 Censorship is unconstitutional
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB
• Politicized
4.1 Report of Fukushima meltdown
4.2 Secrets Protection Law
4.3 Kisha club
5. Analysis
• Independent
3.1 Censorship is unconstitutional
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB
• Politicized
4.1 Report of Fukushima meltdown
4.2 Secrets Protection Law
4.3 Kisha club
5. Analysis
3.1 Censorship is unconstitutional
日本国憲法第三章 第二十一条
Shinzo Abe admitted Wednesday that he told NHK to edit its
coverage.
(The Japan Times 2005)
5. Analysis
3.1 Censorship is unconstitutional
2001.1.30
NHK ETV特集
シリーズ「戦争をどう裁くか」 放送
女性国際戦犯法廷
慰安婦についての番組
2005.1.12
朝日新聞
「NHK『慰安婦』番組改変 中川昭・安倍氏
『内容偏り』前日、幹部呼び指摘」
という見出しで報道
Censorship exists.
安倍晋三、中川昭一
朝日新聞の報道を部分的に否定
(Asahi Shimbun 2005a)
(Asahi Shimbun 2005b)
5. Analysis
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB
5. Analysis
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB
Not Free
Graph2 Rank of Japan in RWB ranking
70
59
60
50
40
30
Recently the rank of Japan is
getting low.
20
10
Free
0
(RWB 2014b)
5. Analysis
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB
・A lack of transparency
・Zero respect for access to information on
subjects directly or indirectly related to
Fukushima
(RWB 2013)
5. Analysis
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB
Graph3 Rank of Japan in Freedom House
Not Free 70
ranking
60
50
40
In different ranking, Japan’s
rank is also getting low
gradually.
30
20
10
Free
0
(Freedom House 2014)
5. Analysis
• Independent
3.1 Censorship is unconstitutional ×
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB ×
• Politicized
4.1 Report of Fukushima meltdown
4.2 Secrets Protection Law
4.3 Kisha club
5. Analysis
4.1 Report of Fukushima meltdown
Graph 1 The number of times the phase "meltdown" was used
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
The New York Times
The Washington Post
朝日新聞
10
0
Source:
Asahi Shimbun Database (Kikuzō),
New York Times Database,
Washington Post Database
5. Analysis
4.1 Report of Fukushima meltdown
Mass Media controlled their
information by themselves.
(TV Asahi 2012)
5. Analysis
4.1 Report of Fukushima meltdown
• NHK team went to Fukushima on
March 15th.
• This program clarified that outside of the
30km is also dangerous.
（Shibata 2013）
5. Analysis
4.1 Report of Fukushima meltdown
Graph4 震災関連の情報に接して、
「信頼度が上昇した」という回答比率
It can be said that NHK
offered reliable information to
us.
株式会社野村総合研究所 2011
5. Analysis
4.2 Secrets Protection Law
第二十二条
この法律の適用に当たっては、これを拡張して解釈して、国民の基本的人権を
不当に侵害するようなことがあってはならず、国民の知る権利の保障に資する報
道又は取材の自由に十分に配慮しなければならない。
It emphasizes the
importance of
right to know.
5. Analysis
4.2 Secrets Protection Law
１２月１０日に施行される特定秘密保護法の運用では、
内閣府に置く「独立公文書管理監」が要になる。
秘密法の適正な運用をチェックする役職だが、
The members to check this
務めるのは官僚だ。「身内」の監視は機能するのか。
law are from government.
(Asahi Shimbun 2014)
5. Analysis
4.3 Kisha club
Most of them are linked to public bodies such as
ministries and provincial governments, large
companies, political parties and the Imperial
Household Agency.
（RWB 2008）
5. Analysis
4.3 Kisha club
Nagano prefecture stopped “kisha club” system
The quality
article of
did report
not change
dramatically.
Theof style
is not
perfectly because of the Kisha
Club system.
Some journalists were still relying on
announce from the government.
(Mori 2008)
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Defining Terms
3. Independent
4. Politicized
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion
6. Conclusion
• Independent
3.1 Censorship is unconstitutional ×
3.2 Average rank in the ranking of RWB ×
Mass Media in Japan is politicized.
(=controlled by politicians)
• Politicized
4.1 Report of Fukushima meltdown ×
4.2 Secrets Protection Law △
4.3 Kisha club △
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Defining Terms
3. Independent
4. Politicized
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion
Thank you for listening!