Transcript Materials Booklet - Gabbro Precision

Gabbro Precision Ltd
Distington House
26 Atlas Way
Sheffield
S4 7QQ
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 114 261 9988
Fax: +44 (0) 114 261 1181
Email: [email protected]
www.gabbroprecision.com
Materials
Booklet
Global materials holding to support
international customer base
www.gabbroprecision.com
Contents
Contact Information
Contact Information
03
History04
Accreditations05
Materials, Products & Services
06
Components Include
07
Low Alloy Steels
A350 LF2 Carbon Steel
AISI 4130
AISI 4140
AISI 4145H Mod
AISI 4330V
AISI 4340
AISI 8630 Mod
ASTM A182 F22
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
Gabbro Precision Ltd (Head Office, Sales & Admin)
2nd Floor Distington House, 26 Atlas Way, Sheffield S4 7QQ
Tel: +44 (0)114 261 9988
Email: [email protected]
Subsea Products Division (Ancon Special Alloy Steels Ltd)
Napier Works, Spencer Park, Greasbrough Street, Rotherham S60 1RF
Tel: +44 (0)114 261 9988
Email: [email protected]
Downhole Products Divison (Engineering Special Steels Ltd (ESS))
Victoria Works, 31 Catley Road, Darnall, Sheffield S9 5JF
Tel: +44 (0)114 261 9988
Emails: [email protected]
Stainless
AISI 410 – 80 KSI
16
AISI 420 / L80 - 80 KSI 17
17/4PH18
Super 13 Chrome (95KSI/110 KSI)
19
Alloy 450 – 110KSI 29-31HRC
19
Duplex
F51 (UNS 31803)
F55 (UNS 32760)
20
21
L80 Tube
P110 Tube/Q125
22
23
Tube
Technical Data
Formulas & Conversions
24
Brinell Hardness Numbers & Tensile Strength Equivalents
25
Abbreviations26
Temperature Conversion
27
Conversion Factors Stress/Energy
28
Common Standards
29
Disclaimer30
02 Technical Guide
Gabbro Engineered Products Division (Sheffield Deep Bore Ltd)
Victoria Works, 31 Catley Road, Darnall, Sheffield S9 5JF
Tel: +44 (0)114 243 1403
Email: [email protected]
Gabbro Engineered Products Division (Midland Precision Ltd)
Unit 3A Peckleton Lane Business Park, Peckleton, Leicester LE9 7RN
Tel: +44 (0)1455 828998
Email: [email protected]
Gabbro Engineered Products Division (Nexus Precision Engineering Ltd)
Unit 1A, Liggat Syke Place, East Mains Industrial Estate, Broxburn EH52 5NA
Tel: +44(0)1506 855995
Email: [email protected]
Gabbro Engineered Products Division (Gabbro Precision Asia)
Asia SDN BHD, No 8B Jalan NIP 1/1, 80800 Gelabg Patah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Tel: 00 60 075321101
Email: [email protected]
www.gabbroprecision.com 03
History
Accreditations
We continually strive to exceed the Quality & Service expectations of our customers and stakeholder by:
A heritage of engineering for energy exploration
1992 Engineering Special Steels Ltd (ESS) was incorporated
1995 Sheffield Deep Bore Ltd (SDB) was acquired
2001 Ancon Special Alloy Steels Ltd was acquired with
extensive warehouse facilities
2002 Distribution operations of ESS, Ancon and SDB
were relocated to Ancon Special Steels site
2009 Nexus Precision Engineering Ltd in Broxburn
was acquired.
2011
The existing group of five individual companies
was renamed as Gabbro Precision Ltd, bringing
together the individual strengths of each
company to better serve the market
2012 Midland Precision Engineering Ltd in
Leicester acquired.
2012
Gabbro Precision Head Office, located in
Distington House Sheffield, was developed in
order to give the group a strong brand identity
and to develop a true group culture
• Complying with ISO 9001 and all relevant customer and statutory requirements
• Delivery of quality assured product matched with excellent service
• Continuous improvement of product quality and service levels
• Implementation of world class management systems
• Training and motivating all employees to contribute to our ambitious goals
• Setting and regularly reviewing quality objectives
• The development of successful supplier partnerships
2009 Gabbro Precision Asia opened in Malaysia,
consisting of a new machine shop and stocking
facility in Johor, Malaysia
LRQ 0928260
92499
FS 73644
FS 572041
Three Divisions, One Objective
Gabbro Precision Limited has over 20 years’ experience in offering integrated metals and manufactured
component solutions to the upstream oil and gas industry, across the globe. Based in Europe and Asia,
each of our group companies operates in a specific discipline. The Gabbro Precision Group consists of six
operating businesses centred from its corporate office in Sheffield. The Group has expanded significantly
recently through new business acquisitions and also through major investment in plant, equipment and
engineering know-how. The Group is ideally placed to support its customers and stakeholders needs by
providing a wide range of industry specific materials and engineering solutions.
Our mission to deliver world class industry leading value, service and expertise is underpinned by
stringent quality standards.
Quality Assurance
Non-Destructive Testing
• Engineering Special Steels (ESS) – ISO 9001 (LRQA)
• Engineering Special Steels (ESS) – ASNT NDE Level I, II & III,
PCN Level II
• Ancon Special Alloy Steels (Ancon) – ISO 9001 (LRQA)
• Sheffield Deep Bore – ISO 9001 (LRQA)
• Nexus Precision Engineering – ISO 9001 (BSI)
• Midland Precision – ISO 9001 (Global Groups)
• Ancon Special Alloy Steels (Ancon) – ASNT NDE Level I, II
& III, PCN Level II
• Sheffield Deep Bore – ASNT NDE Level I, II & III, PCN Level II
• Gabbro Precision Asia – ISO 9001 (BSI)
LRQ 0928260
04 Technical Guide
92499
FS 73644
FS 572041
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Materials, Products & Services
MATERIAL GRADES
COMPONENTS INCLUDE
AISI 4130
ASTM A182 F22
F51
AISI 4140
AISI 410-80 KSI
F55
AISI 4145H Mod
AISI 420/L80-80 KSI
L80 tube
AISI 4330V
17/ 4 PH
P110 tube
AISI 4340
Super 13 chrome (95 KSI/110 KSI)
Q125 tube
AISI 8630 modified
Alloy 450-110 KSI 29-31 HRC
A350 LF2 Carbon Steel
Stabilizer blanks
Pup joints
X-over and saver subs
Drilling subs
Swages
Body Pipes
Polished bore receptacles
Valve stems
Perforating gun tubes
Reamer bodies
Rolled bar – 1.25 inch (32mm)
to 15 inch diameter (380mm)
47.25 inch diameter (1200mm)
Semi- finished components
Assembly
Hydraulic bar straightening
First stage machined
components
General Wellhead & Subsea
Christmas Tree Equipment
Forging
Vertical and horizontal boring
Forged blanks, blocks,
shaped forgings
Level III inspection in-house
NDT inspectors
Deep hole boring (including
offset)
Heat treatment and testing
In-house machining
Mechanical testing UKAS
accredited test house
Welding
Outside inspection facilitated
and managed
Lubricator tubes
Assembly, kitting and
testing facility
Off-set boring
Turn key management
Drillings jars
End Caps
Casing Hangers
Isolation Sleeves
End fittings
Honing
Finish machining
Internal mandrels
Spring housings
Tubing hangers
Orientation sleeves
Valve blocks
Valves
Boring to 10 metres
Turning to 10 metres
Side pocket mandrels
End Connectors
Spring hubs
Bonnets
Bore protectors
Annulus wing blocks
Sawing
Pressure testing
Gas lift mandrels
Subsea products division:
PROCESSES
Supplying a full range of proof
and semi-finished components
Downhole products division:
Coating
Hardness inspection supported
by brintronic computerised
brinell microscope
CNC turning centres complete
with live tooling
CNC milling centres with up to
6 axis
CAD/CAM office enabling off
line programming
Forged bar – 10 inch (254mm) to
Forged rings – up to 65 inch
diameter (1650mm)
Engineered products division:
Gauge mandrels
Gas lift mandrels
Pup joints
Orientation and Helix sleeves
Tubing hangers
Penetrator bonnets
Downhole tooling assemblies
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Low Alloy Steels
LF2 – Carbon Steel
AISI 4130
Typical Chemical Composition
Typical Chemical Composition
C
Min
Max
0.14
Si
0.15
0.25
Mn
0.6
1.10
P
0.010
C
Si
Mn
Min
0.28
0.15
0.40
Max
0.33
0.30
0.60
S
0.010
*with a carbon equivalent generally 0.43% maximum*
P
0.25
S
0.25
Cr
Mo
0.80
0.15
1.10
0.25
Applications: Bodies, valve gates, stems, pipework
Applications: Valves
This Carbon-Manganese Steel is supplied in a variety of heat treated conditions. These are normalised,
normalised and tempered or normalised quenched and tempered. For good impact properties, levels of
the residual elements typically found in steels must be kept to a minimum.
AISI 4130 is a shallow hardening alloy that is generally heat treated to a limited range of strength and hardness
levels usually up to 80K yield. It is possible to heat treat 4130 to higher tensile strength levels – but there are only
a few applications that demand this, and there is the limiting factor small section thicknesses through which these
higher properties are achieved.
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
60K
85K
174 – 237
36k min
70-95k
140-197
75K
95K
197 – 237
Impact Properties
Reasonable impact property values are achieved with typically 70J being achieved at room temperature,
and above 40J at minus 46°C.
08 Technical Guide
Impact Properties
Impact properties are obtained at a reasonable level at the lower end of the tensile property range, up to 75K
yields generally down to -60°C (-76°F). The properties for this alloy are usually derived from testing a 4” square
QTC. Testing 4130 on a prolongation basis proves much more difficult to achieve the same level of properties
due to the shallow hardening nature of this alloy.
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Low Alloy Steels continued
AISI 4140
AISI 4145H Mod
Typical Chemical Composition
Typical Chemical Composition
C
Si
Mn
Min
0.38
0.15
0.75
Max
0.43
0.30
1.00
P
0.035
S
0.040
Ni
0.15
Cr
Mo
0.80
0.15
1.10
0.25
C
Si
Mn
Min
0.43
0.15
0.75
Max
0.48
0.30
1.00
P
0.035
S
Ni
0.040
0.15
Cr
Mo
0.80
0.15
1.10
0.25
Applications: Rings, tubes
Applications: tubes
AISI 4140 is an alloy that can be heat treated to a broad range of strength levels. This alloy also exhibits
relatively good wear resistant properties for a low alloy steel. It is one of the chromium, molybdenum,
manganese low alloy steels noted for toughness, good torsional strength and good fatigue strength.
AISI 4145 is a chromium molybdenum alloy that can be heat treated to a broad range of strength levels.
This alloy also exhibits relatively good wear resistant properties for a low alloy steel. The slightly higher
carbon level gives this alloy a higher hardenability level than 4140.
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
80K
100K
217 – 237
110K
130K
285 – 341
130K
150K
321 – 363
Impact Properties
Impact properties are obtained at a reasonable level at the
lower end of the tensile property range, up to 80K yields
generally down to -46°C (-50°F). Impact properties become
more unpredictable as the yield strength rises above 100K.
The properties for this alloy are usually derived from testing
a 4” square QTC.
10 Technical Guide
Impact Properties
Impact properties are obtained at a reasonable level at the lower end of the tensile property range, up to
110K yields generally down to -32°C (-25.6°F). The properties for this alloy are usually derived from testing
from a prolongation.
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Low Alloy Steels continued
AISI 4330V
AISI 4340
Typical Chemical Composition
Typical Chemical Composition
C
Si
Mn
P
S
Ni
Cr
Mo
V
Min
0.28
0.15
0.6
0.025
0.025
1.65
0.75
0.4
0.05
Max
0.33
0.30
1.00
0.035
0.040
2.00
1.00
0.5
0.10
Applications: Oil well shafts, tool joints, downhole pump components
This alloy has high strength applications and shows good characteristics at high temperatures. It is often modified
by the addition of Vanadium to improve the mechanical properties and is usually in the range of 0.05 – 0.12%.
Carbon content is in the 0.30% range and in the heat treated condition the alloy has good toughness and fatigue
strength as well as good strength.
C
Si
Mn
Min
0.38
0.15
0.60
Max
0.43
0.30
0.80
P
0.025
S
0.025
Ni
Cr
Mo
1.80
0.70
0.20
2.00
0.90
0.30
Applications: shafts, gears and structural parts
AISI 4340 is an alloy predominantly used in the high tensile strength range. It can be heat treated to high
yields above 150K and is considered a through hardening steel grade, it is a low alloy steel containing nickel,
chromium and molydenum. The alloy has good wear resistant properties. It is used for non-Nace applications.
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
135K
150 – 180K
321 – 363
125K
140K
293 – 341
150K
150 – 165K
331 – 375
130K
140K
302 – 341
135K
155K
321 – 375
140K
150K
321 – 352
Impact Properties
Reasonable impact properties values are achieved in the range 0°C to -46°C.
Impact Properties
At the higher end of the yield ranges the impact properties are often restricted to temperatures around -18°C to -20°C.
12 Technical Guide
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Low Alloy Steels continued
ASTM A182 F22
AISI 8630 (Modified)
Typical Chemical Composition
Typical Chemical Composition
C
Si
Mn
Min
0.28
0.15
0.70
Max
0.33
0.35
0.95
S
0.025
P
0.025
Ni
Cr
Mo
0.70
0.75
0.35
0.90
1.00
0.45
C
Si
Mn
Min
0.10
0.15
0.30
Max
0.15
0.35
0.60
S
0.025
P
0.025
Cr
Mo
2.20
0.87
2.50
1.13
Applications: Bodies, bonnets, collets, locking dogs, tubes
Applications: Connectors, hangers, block valves
AISI 8630 (Modified) is a low alloy with limited hardenability and very similar characteristics to AISI 4130. It has
capability of achieving a wide range of tensile properties. Higher strength levels can be achieved by a suitable
heat treatment but these are not NACE approved.
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
75K
95K
197 – 237
85K
95K
212 – 237
90K
110K
255 – 311
110K
130K
269 – 321
120K
140K
293 – 331
135K
145K
311 – 375
140K
150K
311 – 352
F22 grade material for the oil industry is usually supplied with restricted carbon content when compared to chemistry
requirements of ASTM A182. F22 is an alloy with the capability of achieving a wide range of tensile properties.
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
75K
95K
207 – 237
80K
100K
207 – 237
85K
105K
217 – 237
105K
115K
255 – 300
125K
140K
300 – 350
Impact Properties
F22 maintains good impact properties up to Yield strengths of 105K even at temperatures as low as -60°C (-75°F).
Impact Properties
8630 maintains good impact properties up to Yield strengths of 110K even at temperatures as low as -60°C
(-75°F). Impacts become very unpredictable once the yield strength is above 120K – but good results can be
achieved at the lower end of the impact temperature range.
14 Technical Guide
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Stainless Steels
AISI 410
AISI 420 Mod / L80-80 KSI
Typical Chemical Composition
Typical Chemical Composition
13 Cr
C
Si
Mn
P
S
Min
Max
Cr
Ni
11.5
0.15
0.50
0.65
0.025
0.025
13.5
C
Si
Mn
P
Mo
Min
0.50
Max
Cr
Ni
12.5
0.22
0.80
1.00
0.020
0.005
13.5
0.40
Applications: Pump shafts
Applications: Valve components
AISI 410 is a martensitic stainless steel and has good corrosion and scaling resistance properties up to 1200°F
(649°C). Specific applications determine the heat treated condition requirements of this alloy, and can be
used in either the annealed or hardened and tempered condition. For oil field application the condition is
invariably hardened and tempered.
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
80K
100K
217 – 237
AISI 420 is heat treatable chromium steel. Specific applications determine the heat treated condition requirements
of this alloy, and can be used in either the annealed or hardened and tempered condition. For oil field application
the condition is invariably hardened and tempered.
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
80K – 95K
100K – 120K
241 max (22 HRc)
Impact Properties
Reasonable impact properties values are achieved in the range up to -20°C
Impact Properties
At the 80K yield level impact properties achieve reasonable values in the range -18°C to -29°C.
16 Technical Guide
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Stainless Steels continued
17 – 4 PH
Super 13 Chrome (95 KSI/ 110 KSI)
Typical Chemical Composition
C
Si
Typical Chemical Composition
Mn
Cu
Ni
Cr
Nb
0.35
3.50
4.00
15.50
0.35
Min
Max
C
Si
Mn
P
S
Min
0.04
Max
0.03
0.50
0.50
0.020
0.005
Cr
Ni
Mo
11.50
4.50
1.80
13.50
6.50
3.00
TI+Nb
V
0.50
0.50
Applications: Valves, pump shafts
17 – 4 is a precipitation hardening stainless steel and can be heat treated to a wide range of strength
levels. For oilfield application the common heat treated condition is the ‘DH1150’ or ‘HH1150’ – double
aged at 1150°F (621°C). This condition complies with the NACE requirements for hardness for this
alloy 28 – 33 HRc (~269 – 311 HBW) – and offers good corrosion resistance in this condition and has
good high temperature working characteristics up to temperatures of ~500°C.
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
105K
135 – 160K
269 – 311
Applications: Completion equipment
This is a low carbon martensitic steel with high corrosion resistance. The low carbon improved weld ability properties.
Alloy 450-110 KSI 29-31 HRC
UNS S45000
Typical Chemical Composition
Impact Properties
This alloy has reasonable impact properties down to temperatures of -40°C
C
Si
Mn
Cu
Min
Max
0.05
1
1
1.5
Ni
Cr
Mo
5
14
0.5
7
16
1
Applications: Valve parts
This alloy is a martensitic stainless that combines corrosion resistance similar to 304, easy fabrication
and single step age hardenability yielding good strength and ductility. It possesses a yield strength
that is roughly 3 times the strength of standard 304 stainless.
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Duplex
F55 – Super Duplex Stainless (UNS 32760)
F51 – Duplex Stainless (UNS 31803)
Typical Chemical Composition
Typical Chemical Composition
C
Si
Mn
C
P
S
Min
Max
0.02
0.40
1.40
0.025
0.005
Cr
Mo
Ni
21.0
2.5
4.5
23.0
3.0
6.5
Si
Mn
P
S
Min
Max
0.02
0.40
0.50
0.030
0.010
Cr
Mo
Ni
W
24.0
3.0
6.0
0.5
26.0
4.0
8.0
1.00
Applications: Valves
Applications: Valves
F51 is a Duplex Stainless Steel and has moderate to good corrosion resistant properties in a variety of environments.
There is the addition of Nitrogen in the chemistry of 0.10% - 0.22% this is added as an interstitial strengthening
element. This steel offers better strength levels compared with the “300 series” austenitic stainless steels. Material is
supplied in the solution annealed condition. Heat treatment is typically water quenching from 1050°C.
F55 is a Super Duplex Stainless Steel and has excellent corrosion resistant properties in a variety of environments
including salt water and sour gas service. There is the addition of Nitrogen in the chemistry of 0.20% - 0.30% this is
added as an interstitial strengthening element. This steel offers better strength levels compared with the “300 series”
austenitic stainless steels, and also better strength levels than F51 (22% Cr Duplex Stainless Steel). Material is supplied
in the solution annealed condition. Heat treatment is typically water quenching from 1120°C.
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
Hardness Range (HBW)
65k min
99K min
196 – 261 max
80k min
109 – 130k
196 – 270
Impact Properties
Impact Properties
Reasonable impact property values are achieved with typically 100J being achieved at room temperature, and
above 70J at minus 46°C.
Reasonable impact property values are achieved with typically above 45J being achieved at temperatures as
low as minus 60°C.
Other Tests
Other Tests
This material is usually subjected to pitting corrosion testing in accordance with ASTM G48, and also a
microstructural assessment of the ferrite content.
This material is usually subjected to pitting corrosion testing in accordance with ASTM G48, and also a
microstructural assessment of the ferrite content.
20 Technical Guide
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Tube
P110 Tube/Q125
API 5CT 4140 L80 Tube
Typical Chemical Composition
Typical Chemical Composition
C
Si
Mn
Min
0.38
0.15
0.75
Max
0.43
0.35
1.1
P
0.025
S
0.02
Ni
0.25
Cr
Mo
Al
0.8
0.25
0.01
1.2
0.35
0.04
C
Si
Mn
Min
0.25
0.20
0.60
Max
0.33
0.35
0.90
P
0.15
S
0.010
Cr
Mo
1.20
0.65
1.50
0.75
Al
0.040
Applications: Completion tooling, couplings, reamer shoes
Applications: couplings, packer parts, reamer shoes
AISI 4140 is a chromium molybdenum quality alloy steel. AISI 4140 is primarily supplied in the hardened and
tempered condition to 18-22HRc range. AISI 4140 offers good ductility, shock resisting characteristics combined
with resistance to wear.
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
80-95k
95-120
22 Technical Guide
The API 5CT P110/Q125 heavy wall tube enjoys the high grade among other grades of steel. In the petroleum
drilling and producing, the product is widely used in a variety of complex terrain due to its high tensile strength
and high yield. API 5CT P110/Q125 heavy wall tube is only used in a specific environment and when the drilling
depth reaches a certain level.
0.2% Proof (Yield) (KSI)
UTS (KSI)
110-140k
125
www.gabbroprecision.com 23
Technical Data
Formulas & Conversions
Brinell Hardness no’s & Tensile Strength Equivalents with Corresponding HRC no’s
Carbon Equivalent CE (using the Mass % of each element)
CE = C + (Mn) + (Cr + Mo + V) + (Ni + Cu)
6
5
15
Tensile Strengths
To Convert
Multiply by
MPa to PSI
145.03
KSI to Mpa
6.895
PSI to MPa
0.006895
(NB. MPa = N/mm2)
Impacts
To Convert
Multiply by
FT – LBS to Joules
1.3558
Joules to FT – LBS
0.7376
Temperatures
To Convert
°F to °C
subtract 32 divide by 9 then multiply by 5
°C to °F
divide by 5 times by 9 then add 32
Lengths
To Convert
Multiply/Divide by
Inches to millimetres
x 25.4
Millimetres to inches
÷ 2.54
Metres to feet
x 3.281
Feet to metres
÷ 3281
Weight
To Convert
Multiply/Divide by
Pounds (LBS) to Kilogrammes (KG)
÷ 2.2046
KG to LBS
x 2.2046
Tonnes to LBS
x 2204.6
24 Technical Guide
Brinell dia of
Impression MM
Brinell Hardness Rockwell C Scale
no. HB
Hardness no.
HRC
Equivalent Rm
Tons/ in2
Equivalent Rm
psi
Equivalent Rm N
2.90
444
47
98
219520
1514
2.95
429
45.5
95
212800
1468
3.00
415
44.5
92
206080
1422
3.05
401
43
88
197120
1359
3.10
388
42
85
190400
1312
3.15
375
40.5
82
183680
1266
3.20
363
39
80
179200
1235
3.25
352
38
77
172480
1139
3.30
341
36.5
75
168000
1158
3.35
331
35.5
73
163520
1128
3.40
321
34.5
71
159040
1097
3.45
311
33
68
152320
1050
3.50
302
32
66
147840
1020
3.55
293
31
64
143360
990
3.60
285
30
63
141120
973
3.65
277
29
61
136640
942
3.70
269
27.5
59
132160
911
3.75
262
26.5
58
129920
896
3.80
255
25.5
56
125440
864
3.85
248
24
55
123220
850
3.90
241
23
53
118720
820
3.95
235
22
51
114240
790
4.00
229
20.5
50
112000
775
4.05
223
49
109760
757
4.10
217
48
107520
742
4.15
212
46
103040
711
4.20
207
45
100800
695
4.30
197
43
96320
664
4.40
187
41
91840
633
4.50
179
39
87360
602
www.gabbroprecision.com 25
Abbreviations
Chemical Symbols
Properties & Treatment
AI
Aluminium
A
Annealed
B
Boron
AC
Air Cooled
Bi
Bismuth
AR
As Rolled
C
Carbon
BCH
Blank Case Hardened
Ca
Calcium
C
As Cast
Cb
Columbium
CD
Cold Drawn
Ce
Cerium
CF
Cold Finished
Co
Cobalt
C Red
Cold Reduced
Cr
Chromium
CW
Cold Worked
Cu
Copper
DN
Double Normalised
Fe
Iron
DQ
Double Quenched
Mn
Manganese
FC
Furnace Cooled
Mo
Molybdenum
G
Ground
N
Nitrogen
GL
Gauge Length
Nb
Niobium
HB
Hardness Brinell
Ni
Nickel
HF
Hot Finished
P
Phosphorus
HR
Hot Rolled
Pb
Lead
HRB
Hardness Rockwell B Scale
S
Sulphur
HT
Heat Treated
Se
Selenium
H&T
Hardened & Tempered
Si
Silicon
HV
Hardness Vickers
Sn
Tin
KCU
Charpy U Notch
Ta
Tantalum
KCV
Charpy V Notch
Te
Tellurium
LTHT
Low Temperature Heat Treatment
Ti
Titanium
M
Malleablised
V
Vanadium
MET
Metallic
W
Tungsten
N
Normalised
Zr
Zirconium
OQ
Oil Quenched
P
Patented
PH
Precipitation Hardener
Tubes
Q
Quenched
BW
Butt Welded
RT
Room Temperature
CDS
Cold Drawn, Seamless
S
Softened
CEW
Cold Finished
SCA
Sub-critical Annealed
Electric Resistance Welded including Induction Welded
SP
Skin Passed
CF
Cold Finished
SPCD
Spheroidised & Cold Drawn
CFS
Cold Finished Seamless
ST
Solution Treated
ERW
Electric Resistance Welded
T
Tempered
Induction Welded
TR
Temper Rolled
HF
Hot Finished
TN
Turned
HFS
Hot Finished Seamless
WQ
Water Quenched
HFW
Hot Finished Welded
S
Seamless
SAW
Submerged Arc Welded
W
As Welded
26 Technical Guide
Temperature Conversion Table
°C
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
°C
°F
-200
-160
-80
-40
-30
-20
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
-328
-256
-112
-40
-22
-4
14
15.8
17.6
19.4
21.2
23
24.8
26.6
28.4
30.2
32
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86
87.8
89.6
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
91.4
93.2
95
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
113
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
122
123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2
131
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
140
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
149
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
158
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
167
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
176
177.8
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
179.6
181.4
183.2
185
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
194
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.2
203
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212
221
230
239
248
257
266
275
284
293
302
311
320
329
338
347
356
365
374
383
392
401
410
428
437
446
455
464
473
482
491
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
370
375
380
385
390
395
400
405
410
415
420
425
430
435
440
445
450
455
460
465
470
475
480
485
490
495
500
500
509
518
527
536
545
554
563
572
581
590
599
608
617
626
635
644
653
662
671
680
689
698
707
716
725
734
743
752
761
770
779
788
797
806
815
824
833
842
851
860
869
878
887
896
905
914
923
932
505
510
515
520
525
530
535
540
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
580
585
590
595
600
605
610
615
620
625
630
635
640
645
650
655
660
665
670
675
680
685
690
695
700
705
710
715
720
725
730
735
740
745
941
950
959
968
977
986
995
1004
1013
1022
1031
1040
1049
1058
1067
1076
1085
1094
1103
1112
1121
1130
1139
1148
1157
1166
1175
1184
1193
1202
1211
1220
1229
1238
1247
1256
1265
1274
1283
1292
1301
1310
1319
1328
1337
1346
1355
1364
1373
750
755
780
785
790
795
800
805
810
815
820
825
830
835
840
845
850
855
860
865
870
875
880
885
890
900
905
910
915
920
925
930
935
940
945
950
955
960
965
970
975
980
985
990
995
1000
1005
1010
1015
1382
1391
1436
1445
1454
1463
1472
1481
1490
1499
1508
1517
1526
1535
1544
1553
1562
1571
1580
1589
1598
1607
1616
1625
1634
1652
1661
1670
1679
1688
1697
1706
1715
1724
1733
1742
1751
1760
1769
1778
1787
1796
1805
1814
1823
1832
1841
1850
1859
www.gabbroprecision.com 27
Conversion Factors Stress
To Convert
Multiply by
To Convert
Multiply by
N/mm2 to kg/mm2
0.10197
Tons/in2 to N/mm2
15.444
N/mm2 to tons/in2
0.06475
Tons/in2 to kg/mm2
1.5794
N/mm2 to psi
145
Tons/in2 to psi
2240
Kg/mm2 to N/mm2
9.807
Psi to tons/in2
0.0004464
Kg/mm2 to tons/in2
0.635
Psi to N/mm2
0.006895
Kg/mm2 to psi
1422
Psi to kg/mm2
0.0007031
Conversion Factors Energy
To Convert
Multiply by
Joules to Kg.m
0.10197
Joules to Ft.lbs
0.7376
Kg.m to Joules
9.807
Kg.m to Ft.lbs
7.236
Ft.lbs to Joules
1.3558
Ft.lbs to Kg.m
0.1383
Common Standards
Mechanical/ Metallurgical Testing
Mechanical testing
Brinell
Vickers
Rockwell
Tensile
Hardness Conversions
Impacts
Cleanness
Macro
Grain Size
Duplex Grain Size
Pitting Corrosion Test
Corrosion Resistant Standard
ASTM A370
ASTM E10, ASTM E110, ISO 6506-1
ASTM E92, ISO 6507-1
ASTM E18, ISO 6508-1
ASTM E8, ISO 6892-1
ASTM E140
ASTM E23, ISO 148-1
ASTM E45
ASTM A604
ASTM E112
ASTM E1181
ASTM G48
ISO 15156-1, ISO 125156-2, ISO 15156-3 (NACE MR-0175)
UT Standards
Qualification Systems
Testing Standards
Reference Books
SNT-TC-1A, EN473, ISO 9712
ASTM A388, ASTM A745, AMS 2154, EN 10228-3, EN10228-4,
DEF-STAN 02/729 part 5
ASTM E428, EN 12223
Quality Systems/Certification/Calibration
Quality Systems
Laboratory Accreditation
Product Certification
Environmental Management
Health & Safety Standard
Heat Treatment Equipment
28 Technical Guide
ISO 9001, ISO 9002, ISO 9003
EN 17025
EN 10204
ISO 14001
ISO 18001
AMS 2750, (formerly MIL-H-6875)
www.gabbroprecision.com 29
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