Transcript CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 5
Ferrous Metals and Alloys:
Production, General Properties,
and Applications
Blast Furnace
Figure 5.1
Schematic
illustration of a
blast furnace.
Source: Courtesy
of American Iron
and Steel
Institute.
Electric
Furnaces
Figure 5.2 Schematic illustration of types of electric furnaces: (a) direct arc, (b) indirect arc, and (c)
induction.
Basic-Oxygen Process
Figure 5.3 Schematic
illustrations showing
(a) charging, (b)
melting, and (c)
pouring of molten iron
in a basic-oxygen
process. Source:
Inland Steel Company
Figure 5.4 The
continuous-casting
process for steel.
Typically, the solidified
metal descends at a
speed of 25 mm/s (1
in./s). Note that the
platform is about 20 m
(65 ft) above ground
level. Source:
Metalcaster's Reference
and Guide, American
Foundrymen's Society.
Continuous
Casting
Continuous
Typical Selection of Carbon and Alloy Steels for
Various Applications
TABLE 5.1
Product
Aircraft forgings,
tubing, fittings
Automobile bodies
Axles
Ball bearings and races
Bolts
Camshafts
Chains (transmission)
Coil springs
Connecting rods
Crankshafts (forged)
Steel
Product
Steel
4140, 8740
Differential gears
Gears (car and truck)
Landing gear
Lock washers
Nuts
Railroad rails and wheels
Springs (coil)
Springs (leaf)
Tubing
Wire
Wire (music)
4023
4027,
4140,
1060
3130
1080
1095,
1085,
1040
1045,
1085
1010
1040, 4140
52100
1035, 4042, 4815
1020, 1040
3135, 3140
4063
1040, 3141, 4340
1045, 1145, 3135, 3140
4032
4340, 8740
4063, 6150
4063, 9260, 6150
1055
Mechanical Properties of Selected Carbon
and Alloy Steels in Various Conditions
TABLE 5.2 Typical Mechanical Properties of Selected Carbon and Alloy Steels in the Hot-Rolled,
Normalized, and Annealed Condition
AISI
Condition
1020
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
As-rolled
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
1080
3140
4340
8620
Ultimate
tensile
strength
(MPa)
448
441
393
1010
965
615
891
689
1279
744
632
536
Yield
Strength
(MPa)
Elongation in
50 mm (%)
Reduction of
area (%)
Hardness
(HB)
346
330
294
586
524
375
599
422
861
472
385
357
36
35
36
12
11
24
19
24
12
22
26
31
59
67
66
17
20
45
57
50
36
49
59
62
143
131
111
293
293
174
262
197
363
217
183
149
AISI Designation for High-Strength
Sheet Steel
TABLE 5.3
Yield Strength
psi x 10
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
100
120
140
3
Chemical
Composition
Deoxidation
Practice
MPa
240
275
310
350
415
485
550
690
830
970
S = structural alloy
F = killed plus sulfide inclusion control
X = low alloy
K = killed
W = weathering
O = nonkilled
D = dual phase
Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties and
Applications of Annealed Stainless Steels
TABLE 5.4 Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties and Typical Applications of Selected Annealed
Stainless Steels
Ultimate
tensile
Yield
Elongation
AISI
strength
strength
in 50 mm
(UNS)
(MPa)
(MPa)
(%)
Characteristics and typical applications
303
550–620
240–260
53–50
Screw machine products, shafts, valves, bolts,
(S30300)
bushings, and nuts; aircraft fittings; bolts; nuts;
rivets; screws; studs.
304
(S30400)
565–620
240–290
60–55
Chemical and food processing equipment,
brewing equipment, cryogenic vessels, gutters,
downspouts, and flashings.
316
(S31600)
550–590
210–290
60–55
High corrosion resistance and high creep strength.
Chemical and pulp handling equipment,
photographic equipment, brandy vats, fertilizer
parts, ketchup cooking kettles, and yeast tubs.
410
(S41000)
480–520
240–310
35–25
416
(S41600)
480–520
275
30–20
Machine parts, pump shafts, bolts, bushings, coal
chutes, cutlery, tackle, hardware, jet engine parts,
mining machinery, rifle barrels, screws, and
valves.
Aircraft fittings, bolts, nuts, fire extinguisher
inserts, rivets, and screws.
Basic Types of Tool and Die
Steels
TABLE 5.5
Type
High speed
Hot work
Cold work
Shock resisting
Mold steels
Special purpose
Water hardening
AISI
M (molybdenum base)
T (tungsten base)
H1 to H19 (chromium base)
H20 to H39 (tungsten base)
H40 to H59 (molybdenum base)
D (high carbon, high chromium)
A (medium alloy, air hardening)
O (oil hardening)
S
P1 to P19 (low carbon)
P20 to P39 (others)
L (low alloy)
F (carbon-tungsten)
W
Processing and Service Characteristics of
Common Tool and Die Steels
TABLE 5.6 Processing and Service Characteristics of Common Tool and Die Steels
Resistance to
decarburization
Medium
High
Low
Medium
Medium
Medium
Resistance to
cracking
Medium
High
Medium
Highest
Highest
Highest
Approximate
hardness
(HRC)
60–65
60–65
60–65
38–55
57–62
35–56
Machinability
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium to high
Medium
Medium
Toughness
Low
Low
Low
Very high
Medium
High
Resistance to
softening
Very high
Very high
Highest
High
High
High
D2
Medium
Highest
54–61
Low
Low
High
D3
H21
Medium
Medium
High
High
54–61
36–54
Low
Medium
Low
High
High
High
H26
P20
Medium
High
High
High
43–58
28–37
Medium
Medium to high
Medium
High
Very high
Low
P21
W1, W2
High
Highest
Highest
Medium
30–40
50–64
Medium
Highest
Medium
High
Medium
Low
AISI
designation
M2
T1
T5
H11, 12, 13
A2
A9
Source: Adapted from Tool Steels, American Iron and Steel Institute, 1978.
Resistance to
wear
Very high
Very high
Very high
Medium
High
Medium to
high
High to very
high
Very high
Medium to
high
High
Low to
medium
Medium
Low to
medium