CH. 27, NATIONALISM AND REVOLUTION AROUND THE WORLD

Focus Question: How did nationalism and the desire for change shape world events in the early 1900s?

CH. 27, SEC. 1, STRUGGLE IN LATIN AMERICA

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Haciendas: a large plantation were mestizos and Indian peasants worked for meager wages, controlled by the landowning elite.

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Economic nationalism: an emphasis on domestic control and protection of the economy.

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Cultural nationalism: pride in the culture of one’s country.

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Good Neighbor Policy: policy in which American President Franklin Roosevelt promised that the United States would interfere less in Latin American affairs.

CH. 27, SEC. 2, NATIONALISM IN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST

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Apartheid: a policy of rigid segregation of non-white people in the Republic of South Africa.

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Pan-Africanism: movement which began in the 1920s that emphasized the unity and strength of Africans and people of African descent around the world.

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Pan-Arabism: movement in which Arabs sought to unite all Arabs into one state.

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Balfour Declaration: statement issued by the British government in 1917 supporting the establishment of a homeland for Jews in Palestine.

CH. 27, SEC. 3, INDIA SEEKS SELF-RULE

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Amritsar massacre: an incident in 1919 in which British troops fired on an unarmed crowd of Indians killing 400 people and wounding more than 1,100.

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Mohandas Gandhi: calls for Independence for India and he united Indians across class lines.

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Ahimsa: Hindu belief in nonviolence and reverence for all life.

CH. 27, SEC. 3, INDIA SEEKS SELF-RULE

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Civil disobedience: the refusal to obey unjust laws, Gandhi stressed passive resistance.

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Untouchables: members of India’s lowest caste, Gandhi fought hard to end the harsh treatment of them.

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Gandhi leads boycott on British goods and protests salt monopoly.

CH. 27, SEC. 5, CONFLICTING FORCES IN JAPAN

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Emperor Hirohito: reigned as Emperor of Japan from 1926-1989.

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Zaibatsu: Japans powerful business leaders, they influenced the government through donations to political parties.

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Ultranationalists: extreme nationalists they wanted to extend overseas expansion and not give in to Western demands

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Japanese military seizes Manchuria from China in 1931 without consulting their own government.

1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy.

CH. 28, THE RISE OF TOTALITARIANISM 1919-1939

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Focus Question:

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What political and economic challenges did the Western world face in the 1920s and 1930s, and how did various countries react to these challenges?

CH. 28, SEC. 1, POSTWAR SOCIAL CHANGES

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Jazz Age: roaring twenties – Western harmonies and African rhythms. Trumpeter Louis Armstrong, and pianist Duke Ellington.

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Flapper: liberated young women of Jazz age.

CH. 28, SEC. 1, POSTWAR SOCIAL CHANGES

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Prohibition: a ban on the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the U.S. from 1920 to 1933. Eighteenth amendment.

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Speakeasies: illegal bars

CH. 28, SEC. 2, WESTERN DEMOCRACIES STUMBLE

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The Red Scare: and Isolationism in the United States 1919-1920 police rounded up suspected foreign-born radicals, and a number were expelled from the United States.

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Kellogg-Briand Pact: sponsored by the United States was an international agreement, signed by almost every nation in 1928, to stop using war as a method of national policy.

Disarmament: reduction of armed forces and weapons, United States, Britain, France, Japan, and other nations signed treaties to reduce the size of their navies, but not their armies.

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CH. 28, SEC. 2, WESTERN DEMOCRACIES STUMBLE

Maginot Line: massive fortifications built by the French along their border with Germany in the 1930s to protect against invasion.

CH. 28, SEC. 2, WESTERN DEMOCRACIES STUMBLE

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Great Depression: a painful time of global economic collapse, starting in 1929 and lasting until 1939. Started in U.S. with October stock market crash of 1929. Businesses closed and banks failed.

CH. 28, SEC. 2, WESTERN DEMOCRACIES STUMBLE

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New Deal: a massive package of economic and social programs established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to help Americans during the Great Depression.

- New laws regulated the stock market and protected bank deposits - Government programs created jobs and gave aid to farmers - New Social Security system provided pensions for the elderly and

other benefits.

- New Deal helped many but did not end Great depression.

CH. 28, SEC. 3, FASCISM IN ITALY

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Benito Mussolini: 1919 he organized veterans and other discontented Italians into the Fascist party.

Black Shirts: any member of the militant combat squads of Italian Fascists set up under Mussolini.

March on Rome: Oct. 1922, planned march of thousands of Facist supporters to take control of Rome; in response Mussolini was given the legal right to control Italy as Prime Minister appointed by the King.

CH. 28, SEC. 3, FASCISM IN ITALY

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Totalitarian state: government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every aspect of citizens’ lives. Mussolini built the first in Italy.

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Fascism: any centralized, authoritarian government system that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights.,

CH. 28, SEC. 4, THE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN

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Command Economy: system in which government officials make all basic economic decisions.

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Collectives: state owned large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group. Kulaks: wealthy peasant farmers in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Stalin confiscated their land and sent them to labor camps. Thousands were killed or died from overwork.

Gulag: in the Soviet Union, a system of forced labor camps in which millions of criminals and political prisoners were held under Stalin.

CH. 28, SEC. 4, THE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN

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Socialist realism: artistic style whose goal was to promote socialism by showing Soviet life in a positive light.

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CH. 28, SEC. 4, THE SOVIET UNION UNDER STALIN

Russification: making a nationality’s culture more ethnically Russian.

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Atheism: belief that there is no god. Became the official state policy under Stalin. Many priests were killed or sent to die in prison camps, state also seized synagogues.

CH. 28, SEC. 5, HITLER AND THE RISE OF NAZI GERMANY

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Ruhr Valley: France occupied the coal-rich Ruhr Valley when Germany fell behind in reparations payments.

CH. 28, SEC. 5, HITLER AND THE RISE OF NAZI GERMANY

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Adolf Hitler: and Nazi Party’s rise to power.

- 1923 Hitler and his “storm troopers” failed to seize power in

Munich he is arrested placed in prison and he writes Mein Kampf “My Struggle”

- 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany. Within one year

he becomes dictator of Germany.

CH. 28, SEC. 5, HITLER AND THE RISE OF NAZI GERMANY

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Third Reich: official name of the Nazi party for its regime in Germany; held power from 1933 to 1945. Hitler boasted it would rule for a thousand years.

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Gestapo: secret police in Nazi Germany.

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Nuremberg Laws: laws approved by the Nazi Party in 1935, depriving Jews of German citizenship and taking some rights away from them.