Transcript Classification - Chaparral Star Academy

biology
• What is Taxonomy?
• Classification- the grouping of objects based on
similarities.
• Biologists can use taxonomy, a type of classification, to
group organisms based on trait similarities
• Early forms of classification
• Aristotle- he grouped based on plant vs. animal. This of
course was not useful because we now know there are many
more forms of living organisms and it was not classified
based on ancestry.
• Linnaeus- created the taxonomic system still used today
based on physical and structural likeness. He also came up
with the naming system called binomial nomenclature that is
still used today.
• Use 2 names for an organism
• Binomial nomenclature
• The first name is the genius name.
• A genius is a group of similar species like Canine.
• The second name is the specific epithet, or species name.
• Many times this name is based on a trait of the organism
like familiaris- for domestic
• Example:
• Canis familiaris- domesticated dogs
• Canis lupus- Gray Wolf
• Lupus is the Latin word for wolf
• Scientists use scientific names because no matter where
you are on the planet every organism has the same
scientific name, but they might have a different
common name
• Scientific name= Felis catus
• Common names: Cat and gato
• Scientific name= Canis domesticus
• Common names: Dog and perro
• What has changed since Linnaeus’s time in
classification?
• Linnaeus taxonomy has changed a little to incorporate
what we know now of ancestry, DNA and internal
structural differences.
• Taxonomy is still changing today as new information is found.
• Organisms are rearranged to make more sense
• What does Taxonomy do for us?
• Helps study evolutionary history and how closely
related organisms are
• Study the difference between birds and dinosaurs. Look for
similarities in structure, DNA or ancestry
• It allows for grouping organisms that have similar qualities,
• Such as if an animal has a backbone or not
• Or if a plant has seeds or not
• Acts as a useful tool for gathering information.
• Could be for medical research to poisonous plants
and tree bark. But it is a way to classify based on
relationship to another species.
• The 6 Kingdoms are built upon several
relationship characteristics:
• Structural similarities- external and internal structures
• Breeding behavior- look for differences between
species mating
• Geographical- location of species
• Chromosomal- look for number and structure of
chromosomes
• Biochemistry- DNA sequences- similar species have
similar sequences, should be put closer together
• Taxonomic ranking
• A subdivided group of organisms is called a taxon
• Grouping starts very broad and gets more specific
with each smaller taxa
• Domain- very broad, many organisms fit here
• Kingdom- composed of similar Phyla
• Phylum- composed of similar Classes
• Class- composed of similar orders
• Order- composed of similar Families
• Family- composed of similar Genus
• Genus- composed of similar species
• Species- very specific, only 1 type of organism fits here
• Describe some others that might fit into a taxa?
• Like other chordates or carnivores?
• If your taxonomy is based more on the evolutionary
history and how a species changes, then this is called
phylogeny.
• Study how a dinosaur changed into a bird.
• 3 domains
• Eubacteria- true bacteria Kingdom
• Archaea- Archaeabacteria Kingdom
• Eukarya- (eukaryotes) protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• Prokaryotes- broken into 2 kingdoms
• Archaebacteria• these are bacteria that live in extreme conditions like deep water heat
vents or very salty ponds.
• Only a few hundred different species of them
• Most of these do not use oxygen so they get energy from
chemosynthesis
• Weak cell walls compared to eubacteria, but genes are more similar
to eukaryotes
• Eubacteria
•
•
•
•
•
Strong cell wall and less complex genes
About 5000 species
Live in many areas except extremes
Autotrophs and heterotrophs
Some can cause diseases, but many are good and are needed to live.
• Used to make cheese, yogurt, and digest food
• Protist• A eukaryote that lacks complex organs systems
• Made of both multicellular and unicellular organisms
• These can be similar to plants, animals, and fungi
Kelp
Paramecium
• Fungi
• Heterotrophs- break down other organisms for food
• Can be multicellular or unicellular
• About 50,000 different species of fungi
• Plantae
• All are multicellular with complex systems
• Use photosynthesis for food
• About 250, 000 plants in the kingdom
• Including mosses, ferns, evergreens, and flowering plants
• Animal
• Multicellular heterotrophs
• Contain complex systems
• Many different forms of animals
• Sponges and sharks to humans and insects. Lots of different organisms