Transcript Business plan presentation

Gender in the
Workforce
PRESENTED BY CELENE FULLER
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6LUg
-siJVs
Yeah, but hasn’t the gender wage gap decreased
since then? More women work now than ever
before!
Let’s see:
In 2010, women comprised 47% of the
workforce.
Still, isn’t this “wage gap” just a myth?
http://mediamatters.org/research/2012/1
0/17/fox-uses-debate-question-toobscure-gender-wage/190716
AAUW found that one year after college
graduation (2009), men already earn more
than women.
What about the colleges they attend?
What about the grades they earned?
What about choice of major?
Choice of major, however, shows gender
differences
Female graduates from 2007-2008 tended to major in
healthcare fields, social sciences, and education whereas
fewer women than men graduated in engineering and
information and computer science fields, math
Both genders were present in business. Still, dominated
by men (27% of men compared to 19% of women
majored in business)
Why do women choose majors that pay less
than male-dominated majors?
Women and men have different pressures and
expectations.
As we learned, the socialization process of schools
leads to gender differences in achievement and goals.
Other Factors?
Occupation?
Number of hours worked?
Economic sector?
Overall, observable factors such as education, occupation,
hours worked, age, race, sex, marital status, number of
children, etc. only explain about ___of the wage gap!
So what’s going on
here?
Besides having different pay, women and men have
different ranks in corporate and government jobs.
The higher you go, the fewer women and minorities you
will see.
This “glass ceiling” confronting women and racial/ethnic
minorities is a global phenomenon.
On the other hand, men in female-dominated professions
often “ride the glass escalator” as tokens.
Sex, Gender, and Life Chances
This has led to a situation called the feminization
of poverty, which is ____________________,
due in part to:
• the gendered gap in wages,
• the higher proportion of single mothers compared
to single fathers,
• and the increasing cost of childcare.
Emotional Labor
Arlie Hochschild, a sociologist and professor at UC
Berkley, coined the term “emotional labor” in 1983
to describe jobs in which certain emotions are
required.
Emotional labor is defined as
___________________________________________
________.
Emotional Labor
Jobs such as flight attendants, teachers, health care
workers, and other service jobs require thanking the
customer, smiling, greeting, and control of emotions.
Emotional labor tends to be more demanding in
female-dominated careers, as opposed to maledominated careers.
Emotion Work
Hochschild also
coined the term
emotion work to
describe
________________
________________
________.
Emotion Work
Women are expected
to show certain
emotions that reflect
nurturing and
compassion, while
men are expected not
to show these
emotions at all.
Second Shift
The second shift describes the phenomenon of the
late
20th
century
in
which
women
________________________________________
_____.
Motherhood Wage Penalty
Studies have shown that women who have children are more
likely to be penalized in terms of wages.
Some recent studies have shown as much as a 5% wage
penalty per child for women. Employers see mothers as less
competent and less committed to work than childless
employees.
Research also shows that men tend to benefit from
parenthood and are seen as more competent and responsible.
Gendered Division of Household
Labor
The unpaid work of women
is estimated be worth about
$138,095 a year for stay-athome mothers and $85,876
annually for employed
women.
Despite the obvious
importance of this unpaid
work, it is often invisible.
Household chores for boys
and girls
Girls are more likely than boys to do laundry, wash the
dishes, clean the house, care for younger children and other
emotion work.
Boys are more likely than girls to take out the trash and do
yardwork.
Where do we go from here?
According to Society for Human Resource Management,
women who gain more experience in a job before having
children incur a less severe motherhood wage penalty.
Additionally, mothers who return to the same employer
after temporarily leaving the workforce may preserve
social networks and on-the-job skills.
Where do we go from here?
The 1963 Equal Pay Act was enacted to attempt to bridge the
gender wage gap by requiring equal pay for equal work.
In 2009, President Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay
Act into law. This resets the statute of limitations of each
discriminatory paycheck, allowing workers to file
discrimination claims for earlier paychecks.