Transcript Document

THE BUREAUCRACY
Ch. 15
Guiding Question: Do the 3
branches consistently employ the
goals of the Framers structurally
and operationally?
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STANDARDS
USG.3.1 Analyze the United States Constitution and explain characteristics of
government in the United States, which define it as a federal, presidential,
constitutional and representative democracy.
USG.3.12 Analyze the functions of major departments of the executive branch in the
United States and in Indiana.
USG.4.5 Analyze powers the United States Constitution gives to the executive,
legislative and judicial branches of government in the area of foreign affairs.
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GENERAL INFORMATION
Unit 3
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NEED TO KNOW FOR
EXECUTIVE BRANCH
Cabinet Departments
Succession Act of 1947
22nd
Amendment
25th Amendment
Why are regulatory agencies
considered quasi-legislative and quasijudicial?
What actions does a president take
upon receipt of a bill?
What does it mean to “balance” a
presidential “ticket”?
The framers did not like the idea of the
popular vote because…
How is a tie for the presidential election
broken in the electoral college?
Presidential Powers under the USC
What are the characteristics of a
Bureaucracy?
Most presidents rely on the advice of
who?
Why is the personal popularity of the
president important?
What is the role of the president in the
legislative process?
The usefulness of cabinet members as
What is an “iron triangle”?
advisors is undermined by what factors?
What does the electoral college’s winner
What is a pocket veto?
take all election system encourage,
reduce, allow, or discourage?
How does the electoral college work?
During the nomination process, political
battles are most likely to occur in…?
Why are Iowa and N.H. important even
though they hold very few votes in the
Electoral College?
The informal qualification of the
president are a result of what?
What traits of power must a president
possess?
What is the correct line of presidential
succession?
In time of national emergency the power
of the presidency is strengthened.
Why?
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EXPOSITORY ESSAY PROMPT – UNIT 3
(BRANCHES)
At the conclusion of Unit 3 (Branches (Chapters 10 through15, 18, and 24 sections 45) you should be able to write an expository essay* on the following question:
How do all 3 branches participate in the legislative process?
*The expository essay is a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an
idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning
that idea in a clear and concise manner.
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ESSENTIAL KEY TERMS – UNIT 3
separation of powers; strict construction;
state of the union;
checks and balances; loose construction;
formal qualifications;
bicameral;
veto;
informal qualifications;
limited government;
rider;
impeachment;
partisan;
filibuster;
gridlock;
federalism;
cloture;
appointment;
legislative process;
standing committee;
confirmation
due process;
conference committee;
judicial review;
pocket veto;
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THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
Ch. 15, Section 1
Learning Target: I can describe
the structure and purpose of the
federal bureaucracy.
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AMERICAN BUREAUCRACY IS CREATED
BY…
Article II of the USC
•Custom
•Tradition
•Precedent
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WHAT IS A BUREAUCRACY?
(4:58)
A Bureaucracy is an impersonal, large, complex system of government in which most
of the important administrative decisions are made by state officials rather than by
elected representatives.
Three features:
1. Hierarchical Authority  speeds action by reducing conflict over who has the
power to make administrative decisions
2. Job Specialization  Promotes efficiency through the development of specialized
skills
3. Formalized Rules  standardization promote “speed of action” based on known
standards
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THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
All of the agencies and people and procedures through which the Federal
Government operates
Art. 2 Section 3 of the USC makes the President the chief administrator of the
Federal Government (and the agencies necessary to govern).
Three Broad Groups of Agencies (including Staff and Line Agencies):
1. The Executive Office of the President
2. The 15 Cabinet Departments
3. Independent Agencies
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THE BUREAUCRATS (1:19)
Some Bureaucratic Myths and
Realities
 Americans dislike bureaucrats.
 Bureaucracies are growing bigger each year.
 Most federal bureaucrats work in Washington,
D.C.
 Bureaucracies are ineffective, inefficient and
always mired in red tape.
 When you hear the term “government worker”
or “federal bureaucracy” what comes to mind?
 What are some ways that government
regulation can impact your life in a positive
way? A negative?
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BUREAUCRACIES:
FROM CRADLE TO
GRAVE
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HOW
BUREAUCRACIES
ARE ORGANIZED
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UNDERSTANDING BUREAUCRACIES
Modern Bureaucracy
 Shared authority
 Shared functions
 Growth in discretionary
authority
 Relations with the branches
 Greatest impact
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THE BUREAUCRATS
Who They Are and How They
Got There
 Hired just like any other job
 Jobs posted online and in other venues
 Recruited from universities and big business
 Elected
 Recruiting from the “Plum” Book
 Lists the very top jobs available for
Presidential appointment.1515
 Presidents work to find capable people to fill
the positions.
 Some plum jobs (ambassadorships) are
patronage.
 Their most important trait is transience.
Local Examples:
•DOD – thousands of employees are
employed at Fort Benjamin Harrison in the
Defense Finance and Accounting center
•Social Security Building
•Mail services
•FBI and DEA agents located in Indiana
•Park workers
•IRS workers
•Department of Health workers
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BUREAUCRACIES AS IMPLEMENTERS
What Implementation Means
 It involves translating the goals and objectives of a
policy into an operating, ongoing program.
 Implementation includes:
 Creating / assigning an agency the policy
 Translating policy into rules, regulations and forms.
 Coordinating resources to achieve the goals.
Why the Best-Laid Plans Sometimes Flunk the
Implementation Test
 Administrator’s Dispositions
 Administrative discretion is the ability to select among various responses.
 Street-level bureaucrats have the most discretion.
 Fragmentation
 Some policies are spread among several agencies.
 Some agencies have different rules for the same policy.
Why the Best-Laid Plans Sometimes Flunk
the Implementation Test
Why the Best-Laid Plans Sometimes Flunk
the Implementation Test
 Program Design
 Lack of Clarity
 Lack of Resources
 Congressional laws are ambiguous and imprecise.
 Sometimes the laws conflict with each other.
 Lack of Resources
 Agencies may be big, but not in the right areas.
 Many different types of resources are needed: personnel,
training, supplies & equipment.
 May also lack the authority to act.
 Administrative Routine
 SOPs bring uniformity to complex organizations.
 It is often difficult to change the routines.
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BUREAUCRACIES & REGULATION
Regulation in the Economy and in
Everyday Life
 Regulation: Use of governmental authority to control
or change some practice in the private sector.
 A Full Day of Regulation.
 Federal agencies check, verify and inspect many of the products
and services we take for granted.
 Federal and state agencies provide many services.
Regulation: How It Grew, How It Works (2)
 All regulation contains these elements:
 A grant of power and set of directions from Congress
Regulation: How It Grew, How It Works (1)
 Command-and-Control Policy: Government tells business
how to reach certain goals, checks the progress and
punishes offenders.
 Incentive System: Market-like strategies are used to
manage public policy.
 Some agencies are proactive, some are reactive.
Toward Deregulation
 Deregulation: The lifting of restrictions on business,
industry, and professional activities.
 Regulatory problems:
 A set of rules and guidelines by the regulatory agency itself
 Raises prices
 Some means of enforcing compliance with congressional goals
and agency regulations
 Hurts U.S.’s competitive position abroad
 Does not always work well
 But some argue regulation is needed.
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BUREAUCRACIES –DEMOCRACY & THE
SCOPE OF GOVERNMENT
Bureaucracy and Democracy
Bureaucracy and Democracy
 Presidents Try to Control the Bureaucracy
 Congress Tries to Control the Bureaucracy
 Appoint the right people.
 Influence presidential appointments.
 Issue executive orders.
 Tinker with the agency’s budget.
 Tinker with the agency’s budget.
 Hold hearings.
 Reorganize an agency.
 Rewrite the legislation or make it more detailed.
Bureaucracy and the Scope of
Government
 Many state that this is an example of a
government out of control.
 But, the size of the bureaucracy has shrunk.
 Some agencies don’t have enough resources to do
what they are expected to do.
 Only carry out the policies, Congress and the
president decide what needs to be done.
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THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE
PRESIDENT
Ch. 15, Section 2
Learning Target: I can describe
what agencies and advisors are
part of the Executive Office of
the President and their functions.
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EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
The Executive Office of the President (EOPOTUS or EOP) consists of the immediate staff of
the current President of the United States and multiple levels of support staff reporting to
the President. The EOP is headed by the White House Chief of Staff, currently Denis
McDonough.
White House Office
National Security Council
Office of Management and Budget
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Council of Economic Advisors
Office of Policy Development
Council of Environmental Quality
Office of the Vice President
Office of U.S. Trade Representatives
Office of Science and Technology Policy
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WHITE HOUSE STAFF
Duties:
 Closest advisors
 Have surpassed cabinet
 Generalists
 Day-to-day operation of president
depends on assistants
 Headed by the Chief of Staff
 Gatekeepers
Advise the president on legal
consequences of decisions
Gather info. & provide advice about key
issues
Present the president’s view to the world
Advise the president about reactions in
Congress to his decisions
Write thousands of reports & memos
Decide who and what gets to the
president
Lobby lawmakers for presidential
programs
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NATIONAL
SECURITY COUNCIL
Duties:
 Chaired by the President
 Vice President
 Sec. State
 Sec. Treasury
 Sec. Defense
 Dir. National Intelligence
 Joint Chiefs of Staff
Advise president on domestic, foreign,
and military matters relating to national
security
Staff Agency  advise
Consult with President on foreign affairs
Direct secret intelligence work
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OFFICE OF BUDGET
MANAGEMENT
 Dir. is appointed by President and
confirmed by the Senate
Duties:
Preparation of the Federal Budget
Annual statement of public policy (very
detailed) expressed in dollar terms
Planning the annual budget takes more
than a year…
“Handy-man” agency  makes
continuing studies regarding the
organization and management of the
exec branch
Prepares executive orders
Prepares vetos sent to congress
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THE CABINET DEPARTMENTS
Ch. 15, Section 3
Learning Target: I can describe
what the Presidential Cabinet is
and what it does.
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CABINET
Implementing policy
Appointments subject to senate approval
Policy experts
Cabinet is product of custom
Chosen for political reasons
*Know the basic functions of each of the departments p. 436437 in text
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CABINET AGENCIES
Cabinet departments vary
greatly in their visibility,
size, and importance.
The Department of State,
one of the oldest and most
prestigious departments, is
also one of the smallest,
with approximately 25,000
employees
. The Department of
Defense has the largest
workforce, with more than
600,000 civilian employees
(apart from the more than
1.4 million uniformed active
service members).
The Department of Health
and Human Services has the
largest budget; its activities
account for more than a
fourth of all federal
spending, much of it in the
form of social security and
Medicaid payments.
See Slide 13 above.
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FEDERAL INDEPENDENT
AGENCIES
Ch. 15, Section 4
Learning Target: I can describe
the roles and structures of the
independent agencies.
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FEDERAL INDEPENDENT
AGENCIES OVERVIEW
Independent Executive
Agencies
Government Corporations
Regulatory Agencies
•
Under Presidential control
•Most non-cabinet agencies
•Not under Presidential
Control
•
Carry out business like activities
•Organized like Cabinet
departments
•Monitor/police aspects of
economy
•
Structures like a business
•
•Executive bodies that
administer programs for
which they were created
•Headed by boards of 5 to 7
members appointed by
President with consent of
Senate
Run by Board of Directors and
General Manager
•
Produce income that folds back
into the business
•BOD have staggered terms
•
•Have Exec., Leg., and
Judicial Powers
President selects officials with
Senate approval
•
Financed by public funds
• NASA
• Selective Service
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INDEPENDENT
EXECUTIVE
AGENCIES
The heads of these agencies are
appointed by and report to the
president but are not members of the
cabinet. In general, the independent
agencies exist apart from cabinet
departments because their placement
within a department would pose
symbolic or practical problems.
NASA, for example, could
conceivably be located in the
Department of Defense, but such
positioning would suggest that the
space program exists solely for
military purposes.
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REGULATORY AGENCIES
These are usually created
when Congress recognizes the
need for ongoing regulation
of a particular economic
activity. They develop law-like
regulations and then judge
whether individuals or
organizations are complying
with them. The EPA, for
example, can impose fines
and other penalties on
business firms that violate
environmental regulations.
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
oversees the stock and bond markets,. In addition
to their administrative function, regulatory
agencies have a legislative function and a judicial
function
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GOVERNMENT
CORPORATIONS
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(FDIC), which insures individuals’ savings
accounts against bank failures,
National Railroad Passenger Corporation
(Amtrak), provides passenger rail service.
These are similar to private
corporations in that they charge clients
for their services and are governed by
a board of directors. But government
corporations receive federal funding to
help defray operating expenses, and
their directors are appointed by the
president with Senate approval.
U.S. Postal Service, with roughly 700,000
employees
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PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSIONS
Provide advice to the president. Some
of them are permanent bodies;
examples include the Commission on
Civil Rights and the Commission on Fine
Arts.
Other presidential commissions are
temporary and disband after making
recommendations on specific issues
“Simpson Bowles” ~
The Bipartisan National
Commission on Fiscal
Responsibility and Reform
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PROBLEMS WITH
BUREAUCRACY
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MAJOR COMPLAINTS
Major complaints
1. Red Tape
2. Duplication
3. Imperialism
4. Waste
5. Radical incompetence
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EXAMPLE OF THE MAJOR COMPLAINTS
The average cheeseburger will have
over 35 different agencies that
oversee some aspect of the
hamburger including but not limited to
the grade of ketchup being used.
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BUREAUCRACY & BURGERS
A single cheeseburger purchased at the “to go” window of a fast food chain off any
highway in America can contain a beef patty made from a hundred heads of cattle,
cheese from the milk of a dozen dairy farms, lettuce from Arizona engineered to look
fresh for days on end, and tomatoes “strip-mined in Texas,” as Garrison Keillor once
joked.
The inspection of these ingredients rests with a bureaucratic alphabet soup of
agencies. Take the 2004 case involving two USDA agencies, the Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service and the Food Safety and Inspection Service. At the very
same time APHIS was testing the carcass of a cow infected with bovine spongiform
encephalopathy, or “mad cow disease,” FSIS was clearing its beef to head out to
market.
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SERIOUSLY? YEP. YOUR TAX DOLLARS
AT WORK…
The FDA regulates chicken broth, but beef broth is under the USDA’s watchful eye—
except in the case of dried soups, in which case the agencies swap duties.
Responsibility for packaged baked beans depends on whether the meat in the can is
pork chunks (FDA) or bacon (USDA).
And under which agency’s purview a pizza falls depends on whether it is of the
cheese lover, meat lover, or seafood lover variety.
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GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ARE SELDOM IN THE HEADLINES
….UNLESS THEY SLIP UP
For example, who ever
heard of The Minerals
Management Service
(MMS), a bureau within the
Department of the
Interior…
Until the sinking of the
Deepwater Horizon and the
resulting oil spill in the Gulf
of Mexico?
But after the BP spill, MMS’s top officials were forced to
resign and a reorganization of MMS was undertaken.
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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
1. Describe the structure and purpose of the federal bureaucracy.
2. Describe what agencies and advisors are part of the Executive Office of the
President and their functions.
3. Describe what the Presidential Cabinet is and what it does.
4. Describe the roles and structures of the independent agencies.
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REVIEW (WITH A PARTNER)…
Task 1
Answer the questions found in the
“Review Questions for Executive Unit”
packet.
NOTE: these are for your use
Task 2
1. Complete a thinking map President’s
Cabinet:





Use your text and notes
Include all 15 Departments
Include the date of creation
Draw a simple image for each
Include a brief description of each department
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