Transcript AN-NAJAH NATIONALUNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Graduation Project
Local Productivity Rates For Formwork , Concrete and
Waterproofing in structure elements
Prepared By :
Mohammad Rabay’a
Mohammad Ghidan
Omar Shaheen
Supervisor : Eng.Lu’ay Dawikat
Contents
Productivity definition and importance.
 Factors affecting productivity
 unsafe working conditions
 Ways of productivity improvement
 Productivity measurement.
 Implementation work .
 Data collection and analysis
 Conclusion and recommendations

“Productivity isn’t everything
but in the long run it is almost
everything” Paul Krugman
Productivity Definition
"Productivity is the quantitative relationship
between what we produce and the
resources we use” (Currie (1972)).
 In engineering it can be defined as the
average direct labor hours to install a unit
of material or Output per unit of time.
 For construction managers, the output can
be construction tasks such as cubic meters
of concrete, square meters of some
surface, tons of steel or linear meters of
weld.

Why Is Productivity Important ?

Productivity is a critical matter for
managers especially in the big projects, to
estimate :
The duration required to perform the work.
Size of human recourses that the project
requires .
3) Labor cost also indirect cost such as
Insurance.
1)
2)
General factors affecting productivity:
Skilled Labor Availability.
 Lack of proper tools and equipment.
 Overstaffing

General factors affecting
productivity(cont.):

Weather
General factors affecting
productivity(cont.):
Life-Cycle Construction Process.
 Material shortage at project site .
 Change order by consultants.
 Availability of good communication.
 Using new method of construction and
available alternatives that improve
productivity

 Unsafe Work Conditions Impact on Productivity
rates.
When using safety strategies ,there was a 66%
increase in productivity.
 halving safety risk is associated with a 12%
improvement in productivity.

Improvement of productivity
productivity improvement is needed and
set as an ultimate goal; because the
money is wasted every day as a result of
lack of knowledge in productivity
improvement.
 Two points should be taken in
consideration :
1) determining the best way to perform the
job.
2) measuring the time to achieve this job
using the best way.

Ways of Productivity Improvement :
Job site planning.
 Labor managements, conditions and relation.
 Increase effectiveness and productivity of
employees by Training and Motivation.


Motivation : the motivation can be defined
increase the thing satisfy workers about a job
Factors affecting motivation :
Method of payment to the workers.
 Planning.
 Reward.
 Desire of work.
 Ownerships.

Productivity Measurement
Measurement cannot be achieved without site
information. Our approach in this project is to
collect daily outputs for 3 months .
 Two approaches of productivity measurement:
1) Total factor productivity (TFP): where all inputs
and outputs are considered.
2) Partial factor productivity : where a single
production factor is taken into consideration.


The data to be observed and registered will be
used to calculate the Partial Productivity rate .
Total factor productivity (TFP)
where Q = quantity of all output tangible and intangible.
L = quantity of labor input.
K = value of invested assets.
E = use of construction equipment.
a, b & c are weighting factors.
Partial productivity
Labor productivity has consequently been widely used by contractors.
Work Methodology
Implemented Methodology :
Collect random
samples for each
item(30 samples
for each item)
Conclusion and
recommendations
Convert crew size for
each item into the
ideal crew size
Perform analysis
procedure on data
collected using
Minitab and SPSS
programs
Get analysis
result and
tabulate it
Figure 14.3
Method of construction:

The calculation of the productivity rates was based
on the Traditional timber formwork method.
The formwork is built on site out of timber and it
is:
1- easy to produce but time-consuming for larger
structures .

2-It is still used extensively where the labor costs are
lower than the costs for procuring re-usable formwork .
3-It is also the most flexible type of formwork .

Concrete: The data collected conclude pump, ready
mix Lorries and labor productivity rates.

Waterproofing: The data collected conclude
surface preparation, cleaning, and water
proofing application.
Data collection:

Our measuring have been based on statistical
sampling theory, observation, collect a samples
by field observations and questioner , analyze it
and build a confidence limit around it.

in order to examine the effect of the factor
affecting productivity ,the high temperatures
and over crowding situation have been avoided
.

There was 30 observation collected on each
item.

To have representative results, the data collected
gathered from 6 different cities of west bank (Ramallah.
Tulkarm, Jenin, Qalqilya, Jerico, and Nablus).
Collection sheet including data about:
1-quantity performed for each reading .
2-corresponding duration (in hours).

The following table shows an example of data collected for
isolating footing formwork:
Data collection constrains :
 Collection process requires staying at the site from start to
end of the working day.

crew changing for the same item from day to another or in the
same day.

convincing site managers and the responsible people at the
site about the importance of this data after analyzing it .

The output of some of the activities couldn't be daily
collected(e.g. slaps formwork), and others ends in a few hours of
the work day(e.g. some concrete works some times)
Data analysis:

The analysis process has been done on Minitab and SPSS
programs in order evaluate the statistical mean of each
structural element(e.g. concrete works for footings ) .
To get more accurate value of the mean, the outlier
values will be eliminated .As in the following picture
Results :
Activity ID
Activity Name
Crew Size
Daily Output
Unit
13
m²
13
m²
19
m²
39
m²
7
m²
24
m²
22
m²
25
m²
22
m²
8
m²
51
m²
25
m²
Formwork :1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Isolated Footing
Combined Footing
Strip Footing
Raft Footing
Column Neck
Tie Beams
1.7
Slab on grade
1.8
Rectangular Column
1.9
1.10
Circular Column
Stairs
1.11
Slab
1.12
Shear Walls
1 Carp. ; 1 helper
1 Carp. ; 1 helper
1 Carp. ; 1 helper
1 Carp. ; 1 helper
1 Carp. ; 1 helper
1 Carp. ; 1 helper
1 Carp. ; 1 helper
1 Carp. ; 1 helper
1 Carp. ; 1 helper
1 Carp. ; 1 helper
1 Carp. ; 1 helper
1 Carp. ; 1 helper
Activity ID
Activity Name
Crew Size
Daily Output
Unit
All Footing
4 workers
132
m³
Raft Footing
4 workers
112
m³
Column Neck
4 workers
9
m³
Tie Beams
4 workers
67
m³
Slab on grade
4 workers
47
m³
Columns
4 workers
46
m³
Stairs
4 workers
52
m³
Slab
4 workers
119
m³
Shear Walls
4 workers
135
m³
Concrete works :2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Activity ID
Activity Name
Crew Size
Daily Output
Unit
Water Proofing works :3.1
Footing liquid applied
waterproofing system
2 workers
54
m²
3.2
Tie Beams liquid applied
waterproofing system
2 workers
64
m²
3.3
Shear Walls liquid applied
waterproofing system
2 workers
76
m²
3.4
Wet Area liquid applied
waterproofing system
2 workers
10
m²
3.5
Roofing liquid applied
waterproofing
2 workers
81
m²
3.5
Roofing Bituminous sheet
membrance water proofing
system
2 workers
47
m²
Conclusion :

Productivity rate is very important in
estimating cost and duration for construction
projects, and any labor productivity loss
would affect the whole project in time and
cost .

To prevent productivity loss ,factors that
affect productivity mentioned earlier rates
should be examine as possible.
Recommendation:

Keep on training and motivating the workers.

Do not move the worker between work items
unless the item is finished.

Don't work in hot and cold temperatures , the
best temperature to do the works is 21°c .

Always hire labor with experiences .

Workers who are in safe and comfort conditions
can feel more secure when they do their duties .