IKI20210 Pengantar Organisasi Komputer Kuliah no. 1: Pendahuluan

Sumber: 1. Hamacher.

Computer Organization

, ed-5.

2. Materi kuliah CS61C/2000 & CS152/1997, UCB.

14 Februari 2003 Bobby Nazief ([email protected]) Qonita Shahab ([email protected]) bahan kuliah: http://www.cs.ui.ac.id/kuliah/iki20210/

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IKI20210

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Pengantar Organisasi Komputer

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“Mata kuliah ini mengajarkan dasar-dasar organisasi komputer sekuensial, yang terdiri dari komponen-komponen: input, output, memori, dan prosesor (kontrol dan datapath), melalui pemrograman dengan bahasa assembly .”

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Prasyarat:

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Pengantar Sistem Digital Konsep Pemrograman I

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Bobot:

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3 SKS

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Buku Acuan:

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V. Carl Hamacher, dkk. Computer Organization. Edisi ke-5. McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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David Patterson & John Hennessy. Computer Organization & Design: The Hardware/Software Interface. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.

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Administrasi Perkuliahan

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Penilaian:

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Tugas:

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UTS: UAS: 30% 30% 40%

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Jadwal Kuliah:

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Rabu: 8:00 – 9:40 WIB

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Jumat: 8:00 – 8:50 WIB

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Jadwal Ujian:

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UTS: 16 April 2003 UAS: 9 - 20 Juni 2003 (5 tugas pemrograman + PR)

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Organisasi Sistem Komputer

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Organisasi Sistem Komputer Application (Netscape) Compiler Assembler Operating System (Windows 98) 20210 Software Hardware Processor Memory I/O system Instruction Set Architecture Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design transistors

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Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat abstraksi

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Tingkat-tingkat Abstraksi Organisasi Komputer

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Application S/W

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MS Word

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computer as electronic type-writer MS Excel

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computer as electronic calculator

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System S/W

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Compilers

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program) computer as translator (source to executable Operating Systems

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computer as machine that executes programs, stores files, prints content of files to printers, communicate with other computers

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Instruction Set

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What basic operations can be carried out What, where, and how data can be stored & retrieved in/from memory How can data be exchanged to the outside “world”

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Computer H/W

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The 5 components: Datapath, Control, Memory, Input, Output

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Tingkat-tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman High Level Language Program (e.g., C)

Compiler

Assembly Language Program (e.g.,AVR)

Assembler

20210 A = 25; B = 8; C = A * B; lds r1, 0x100 lds r2, 0x102 add r1, r2 sts 0x104, r1 Machine Language Program (AVR)

0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111

Machine Interpretation

Control Signal Specification ° ° 7

Organisasi Bahasa Pemrograman Java Java Language

byte code

Java Virtual Machine JVM dapat langsung berhubungan dgn h/w Operating System Computer H/W

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5 Komponen Utama Komputer Computer Processor

(active)

Control

(“brain”)

Datapath

(“brawn”)

Memory

(passive) (where programs, data live when running)

Devices Input Output Keyboard, Mouse Disk

(where programs, data live when not running)

Display

,

Printer

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Contoh-contoh (Organisasi) Komputer

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Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium

Processor/Memory Bus PCI Bus I/O Busses 11

Contoh: Komputer Berbasis SPARCstation20

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TI SuperSPARC tm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20

MBus Module SuperSPARC Floating-point Unit Integer Unit L2 $ CC MBus DRAM Controller Inst Cache Ref MMU Bus Interface Data Cache Store Buffer L64852

MBus control M-S Adapter

SBus SBus DMA SCSI Ethernet SBus Cards STDIO serial kbd mouse audio RTC Boot PROM Floppy 12

Contoh: Microcontroller AT90S8515

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Struktur (Umum) Interkoneksi Antar-Komponen Proc

Caches

Memory

Processor-Memory

Bus

adapters I/O

Bus

Controllers

I/O Devices

: Disks Displays Keyboards Networks

Semua komponen memiliki organisasi & antar-muka

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Outline Materi Kuliah

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Konsep-konsep Dasar

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Stored Program Computer

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Instruction Set

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Set Instruksi/Pemrograman

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Input/Output

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Memori

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Aritmatika

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Prosesor

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Datapath Control Unit

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Pipeline

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Generasi Komputer

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I: ’46 – ’57: UNIVAC 1103

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Bahasa Rakitan

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Vacuum Tube 40.000 instruksi/detik

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II: ’58 – ’64: IBM 7094

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Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator

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Transistor I/O & Processor Parallelism 200.000 instruksi/detik

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III: ’65 – ’71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8

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Sistem Operasi

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Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC) Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism

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1.000.000 instruksi/detik IV: ’72 – ’77: Apple IIe, IBM PC

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Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)

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Microprocessor, PC 10.000.000 instruksi/detik

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IV: ’78 – …: 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC

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Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)

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100.000.000 instruksi/detik

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Tren Teknologi

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Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor

100000000 10000000 1000000

Moore’s Law

Pentium i80486 i80286 i80386 100000 i8086 10000 1000 1970 i4004 i8080 1975 1980 1985

Year

1990 1995 2000

Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5.5 million PowerPC 620: 6.9 million Alpha 21164: 9.3 million Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million 2X transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years

Called “

Moore’s Law

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”

Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1.54X/yr Sun -4/ M 260 2000 M/ RS/ 120 6000 HP DEC 9000/ AXP/ 500 750 DEC Alpha 21264/600 DEC Alpha 5/500 DEC Alpha 5/300 DEC Alpha 4/266 IBM POWER 100 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip)

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Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM)

1000000000 100000000 10000000 1000000 size

year 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1996 2000 size(Megabit) 0.0625

0.25

1 4 16 64 256

100000 10000 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985

Year

1990 1995 2000

Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

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Teknologi Komputer

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Perubahan Dramatis

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Prosessor

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2X lebih cepat setiap 1,5 tahun

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100X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir

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Memori

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Kapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 years Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun Kapasitas meningkat 64X dalam dekade terakhir

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Disk

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Kapasitas disk: > 2X setiap 1,0 tahun Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun

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Kapasitas meningkat 120X dalam dekade terakhir

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Bicycle Computer (Embedded) Heart Rate Speed Altitude

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P. Brain

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wireless heart monitor strap

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record 5 measures: speed, time, current distance, elevation and heart rate

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Every 10 to 60 sec.

8KB data

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33 hours Stores information so can be uploaded through a serial port into PC to be analyzed

Dramatic change !!!

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