Transcript Pengantar Organisasi Komputer

Organisasi Sistem Komputer
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Organisasi Sistem Komputer
Application (Netscape)
Software
Hardware
Operating
Compiler
System
Assembler (Windows 98)
Processor Memory I/O system
20210
Instruction Set
Architecture
Datapath & Control
Digital Design
Circuit Design
transistors
° Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat abstraksi
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Tingkat-tingkat Abstraksi Organisasi Komputer
° Application S/W
• MS Word  computer as electronic type-writer
• MS Excel  computer as electronic calculator
° System S/W
• Compilers  computer as translator (source to executable
program)
• Operating Systems  computer as machine that executes
programs, stores files, prints content of files to printers,
communicate with other computers
° Instruction Set
• What basic operations can be carried out
• What, where, and how data can be stored & retrieved in/from
memory
• How can data be exchanged to the outside “world”
° Computer H/W
• The 5 components: Datapath, Control, Memory, Input, Output
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Tingkat-tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman
A = 25;
High Level Language
Program (e.g., C)
Compiler
B = 8;
20210
lds
lds
add
sts
Assembly Language
Program (e.g.,AVR)
Assembler
Machine Language
Program (AVR)
Machine Interpretation
C = A * B;
0000
1010
1100
0101
1001
1111
0110
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1100
0101
1010
0000
r1, 0x100
r2, 0x102
r1, r2
0x104, r1
0110
1000
1111
1001
1010
0000
0101
1100
1111
1001
1000
0110
0101
1100
0000
1010
1000
0110
1001
1111
Control Signal
Specification
°
°
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Organisasi Bahasa Pemrograman Java
Java Language
byte code
Java Virtual Machine
JVM dapat langsung
berhubungan dgn h/w
Operating System
Computer H/W
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5 Komponen Utama Komputer
Devices
Keyboard,
Mouse
Input
Disk
Computer
Processor
(active)
Control
(“brain”)
Datapath
(“brawn”)
Memory
(passive)
(where
programs,
data
live when
running)
Output
(where
programs,
data
live when
not running)
Display,
Printer
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Contoh-contoh (Organisasi) Komputer
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Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium
Processor/Memory
Bus
PCI Bus
I/O Busses
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Contoh: Komputer Berbasis SPARCstation20
° TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20
MBus Module
SuperSPARC
Floating-point Unit
L2
$
Integer Unit
Inst
Cache
Ref
MMU
Data
Cache
CC
MBus
L64852 MBus control
M-S Adapter
SBus
Store
Buffer
Bus Interface
DRAM
Controller
SBus
DMA
SBus
Cards
SCSI
Ethernet
STDIO
serial
kbd
mouse
audio
RTC
Boot PROM
Floppy
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Contoh: Microcontroller AT90S8515
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Struktur (Umum) Interkoneksi Antar-Komponen
Proc
Caches
Processor-Memory Bus
adapters
I/O Bus
Memory
Controllers
I/O Devices:
Disks
Displays
Keyboards
Networks
Semua komponen memiliki organisasi & antar-muka
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Outline Materi Kuliah
° Konsep-konsep Dasar
• Stored Program Computer
• Instruction Set
° Set Instruksi/Pemrograman
° Input/Output
° Memori
° Aritmatika
° Prosesor
• Datapath
• Control Unit
° Pipeline
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Generasi Komputer
° I: ’46 – ’57: UNIVAC 1103
• Bahasa Rakitan
• Vacuum Tube
• 40.000 instruksi/detik
° II: ’58 – ’64: IBM 7094
•
•
•
•
Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator
Transistor
I/O & Processor Parallelism
200.000 instruksi/detik
° III: ’65 – ’71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8
•
•
•
•
Sistem Operasi
Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC)
Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism
1.000.000 instruksi/detik
° IV: ’72 – ’77: Apple IIe, IBM PC
• Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)
• Microprocessor, PC
• 10.000.000 instruksi/detik
° IV: ’78 – …: 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC
• Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)
• 100.000.000 instruksi/detik
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Tren Teknologi
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Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor
100000000
Alpha 21264: 15 million
Pentium Pro: 5.5 million
PowerPC 620: 6.9 million
Alpha 21164: 9.3 million
Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million
10000000
Moore’s Law
Pent ium
i80486
Transistors
1000000
i80386
i80286
100000
2X transistors/Chip
Every 1.5 years
i8086
10000
i8080
i4004
1000
1970
1975
1980
1985
Year
1990
1995
2000
Called
“Moore’s Law”
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Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
DEC Alpha 21264/600
1.54X/yr
DEC Alpha 5/500
DEC
HP
Sun MIPSMIPSIBM
AXP/
9000/
-4/ M M/ RS/
500
750
260 2000 120 6000
DEC Alpha 5/300
DEC Alpha 4/266
IBM POWER 100
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly
referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip)
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Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM)
year
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1996
2000
size
1000000000
100000000
Bits
10000000
1000000
size(Megabit)
0.0625
0.25
1
4
16
64
256
100000
10000
1000
1970
1975
1980
1985
Year
1990
1995
2000
Now 1.4X/yr, or
doubling every 2 years
4000X since 1980
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Teknologi Komputer  Perubahan Dramatis
° Prosessor
• 2X lebih cepat setiap 1,5 tahun
• 100X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir
° Memori
• Kapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 years
• Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun
• Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun
• Kapasitas meningkat 64X dalam dekade terakhir
° Disk
• Kapasitas disk: > 2X setiap 1,0 tahun
• Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun
• Kapasitas meningkat 120X dalam dekade terakhir
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Bicycle Computer (Embedded)
° P. Brain
Heart
Rate
Speed
Altitude
• wireless
heart
monitor strap
• record 5 measures: speed, time,
current distance, elevation and heart
rate
• Every 10 to 60 sec.
• 8KB data  33 hours
• Stores information so can be
uploaded through a serial port into
PC to be analyzed
Dramatic change !!!
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