Transcript The Industrial Revolution 1700

The Industrial Revolution
1700-1900:
Chapter 19: Section 1
DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL
AGE
The BIG Picture:

The Scientific Revolution &
Enlightenment led people to develop
new ways of doing things. Among
these new ways were processes&
machines for raising crops, making
cloth, and other jobs. These
developments led to dramatic
changes in industry & the world of
work. The Industrial Revolution
began in Great Britain
Why Great Britain?
Exploration & Colonialism: Great
Britain was “the empire of the world”
and practiced Mercantilism.
 Sea power: Great Britain had the
largest and most powerful navy and
fleet of ships in the world.

Political Stability: Great Britain
was at peace within their own
borders.
 Government support: Parliament
passes laws that help businesses
become more competitive over other
countries.

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Growth of private investment: Private
companies help fund research and
development.
Agricultural factors: joining of farms
and fencing them in “enclosure
movement”
Tenant Farmers Disappear
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
Farmers mixed
different kinds of soils
and tried out new
methods of crop
rotation to get higher
yields.
Rich landowners
pushed ahead with
enclosure, process of
taking over and
consolidating land
formerly shared by
peasant farmers
(tenant farmers)
Population Increase

As millions of acres
was enclosed, farm
output rose. The
agricultural
revolution created
a surplus of food,
so fewer people
died from
starvation.
Jethro Tull: Wealthy English
farmer who invented the seed drill
which made planting grain more
efficient.
Factors of Production all in hand
for Great Britain:
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Land: coal to burn,
streams and rivers,
waterways to
transport raw
materials.
Labor: A growing
population with the
appetite to work.
Capital: the money
to expand factories
and invent “capital
goods”.
Agricultural Revolution to
Industrial Revolution
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
Agricultural progress
had a human cost.
Many farmers were
thrown out of work.
Jobless farm workers
migrated to towns and
cities.
These workers would
be the ones to operate
the machinery during
the Industrial
Revolution
Eli Whitney invented the Cotton
Gin in 1793
James Hargreaves: A weaver who
invented the “Spinning Jenny”
Richard Arkwright: invented a
spinning frame to create thinner
thread.
John Kay: patented the “flying
shuttle” doubled the speed that a
weaver could do the job

……because his invention put many
workers out of a job he was attacked
and fled to France where he died in
poverty.
Power Loom

Edmund
Cartwright:
1785 patented
the “power
loom” which was
faster than the
“flying shuttle”.
Cottage System vs. Machine
Speed of production led away from
the “cottage system” of producing
and “factories” were built.

Ex: 1770- 50,000 bolts of cloth
were produced,
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1800- 400,000 bolts
produced.

Peasant Life
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Textiles lead the
way in Britain.
Merchants used the
putting out system,
in which raw
materials
distributed to
peasant families.
Production was
slow.
Richard Trevithick 1802 used
the steam engine to power the
first locomotive

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Entrepreneurs needed
faster method of
transporting goods.
Capitalists invested in
turnpikes. Goods
moved faster on these
toll roads.
Railroad growth came
next with the
invention of steam
locomotive.
First Railroad
The world’s first
major rail line
began operating
between the British
industrial cities of
Liverpool and
Manchester in
1830.
Travel becomes
faster.
Robert Fulton 1807 used the
steam engine in the first
steamship Clermont
James Watt’s improved steam
engine
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In 1764, Scottish
engineer James Watt
improved the steam
engine to make it
more efficient.
Watt’s engine became
the key power source
of the Industrial
Revolution.
Industry comes to America
Industry comes to
America in 1789 when
Samuel Slater
disguised himself as a
farm worker and
brought detailed
knowledge of Richard
Arkwright’s spinning
frame to a Rhode
Island mill in
Pawtucket.
Francis Cabot
Lowell built the
first “all in one”
mill in Lowell,
Massachusetts
which brought
raw cotton to
finished cloth
within the same
factory employing
10,000 workers.

Working in a factory was dangerous
work but children faced special
hazards due to their size and lower
wages for their labor. 12 hour days
were common and poor working
conditions were common ( page 642)
Child Labor

Factories changed
towns to become
crowed and
unsanitary. The
mortality rate of
children became
six out of 10
children would die
before the age of
5.
The factory system also created a
new class system:
Wealthy business people owned and
invested in the factories
 Mid-level skilled employees ran the
factories
 Low level unskilled employees ran
the machines.

Welcome to Capitalism!

1811 the Cottage workers called
“Luddites” in masks burned down a
factory in Nottingham England to protest
the hardships placed on the cottage
industry. 1812 the movement ended as
the Luddites would be caught and hanged.
Chapter 19: Section 3
SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Working in a factory differed greatly
from the farm.
• Long hours, shifts lasting 12- 16 hours.
• 6- 7 days a week.
• Exhausted workers were injured by
machines.
• They hired children from age of 7- 8
years old and in some cases few as
young as 5 years old.
Development of Labor Unions

Due to poor working
conditions and lack of
government regulation
the workers began to
organize themselves
into Labor Unions to
urge employers to
raise wages and
improve working
conditions with a
threat of a strike.
Middle Class

The Middle Class developed out of
the industrial revolution and closed
the gap between the rich and the
poor.
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The creation of the
middle class,
bridge the gap
between the rich
and the poor.
Poor had to live in
slums. They
struggled to
survive.
Tenement Life
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Poor lived in
tenements that had
no running water, no
sewage or sanitation
system.
Sewage rotted in the
streets or was
dumped into rivers,
which created a
stench and
contaminated drinking
water.
Life in Industrial Towns
The Industrial Revolution witnessed a huge growth in the size of
British cities. In 1695, the population of Britain was estimated to
be 5.5 million. By 1801, the year of the first census, it was 9.3
million and by 1841, 15.9 million. This represents a 60% growth
rate in just 40 years.
Manchester, as an example, experienced a six-times increase in its
population between 1771 and 1831. Bradford grew by 50% every
ten years between 1811 and 1851 and by 1851 only 50% of the
population of Bradford was actually born there.
As enclosure and technical developments in farming had reduced
the need for people to work on farmland, many people moved to
the cities to get accommodation and a job. These cities were not
prepared for such an influx in such a short period of time and cities
such as Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester etc. (all vital to the
Industrial Revolution) suffered problems not witnessed anywhere
else in the world at this time.
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These cities needed cheap homes as the Industrial Revolution
continued to grow. There were few building regulations then and
those that did exist were frequently ignored. Builders had a
freehand to build as they wished. Profit became the main
motivator for builders. They knew that those coming to the cities
needed a job and somewhere to live. Therefore, a house was put
up quickly and cheaply – and as many were built as was possible.
The Industrial Revolution saw the start of what were known as
back-to-back terrace housing. These had no garden and the only
part of the building not connected to another house would be the
front (and only) entrance (unless you were lucky enough to live in
the end of the terrace). In Nottingham, out of a total of 11,000
homes in the 1840’s, 7,000 were back-to-back.
The building material used was the cheapest a builder could find.
Cheap slate from Wales was commonly used. The finished homes
were damp as none were built with damp courses and those who
could only afford cellar dwellings lived in the worst possible
conditions as damp and moisture would seep to the lowest part of
the house.
None of these homes was built with a bathroom, toilet or running
water. You either washed in a tin bath in the home with the water
being collected from a local pump or you simply did not wash.
Many didn’t wash as it was simply easier.
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There would be a courtyard between each row of terraces. Waste
of all sorts from the homes was thrown into the courtyard and socalled night-men would collect this at night and dispose of it.
Sanitation and hygiene barely existed and throughout the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the great fear was a cholera,
typhus or typhoid epidemic.
Toilets would have been nothing more than cesspits. When these
were filled they had to be emptied and what was collected was
loaded onto a cart before being dumped in a local river. This work
was also done by the night-men. Local laws stated that their work
had to be done at night as the stench created by emptying the
cesspits was too great to be tolerated during the day.
When the great social reformer Lord Shaftesbury visited one
house, he went into the cellar – where a family was living – and
found that the sewage from a nearby cesspit had leaked right
under their floor boards.
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A block of 40 houses would have possibly 6 toilets for all persons.
It is estimated that on average 9 people lived in one house, which
would mean that 6 toilets served 360 people! Another problem
was that it was the responsibility of the landlord of the house to
pay to have cesspits emptied and they were never too
enthusiastic to do this. One cesspit cost £1 to empty. As the
average rent was 2 shillings a week, this equalled 5 weeks rent.
No-one in local authority enforced the law and as a result,
courtyards could literally flood with sewage.
Drainage systems would have changed all of this but they cost
money. Drainage pipes had to be made out of brick as no pipes
existed then. One foot of brick drainage pipe cost 11 shillings. The
poor could not pay this type of money and the wealthier members
of a city were not willing to pay for such an expensive item if it
did not benefit them. Liverpool had a drainage system built but
only in the areas where the rich merchants and businessmen
lived. None existed in the areas where the poor lived. By 1830,
50% of Manchester had no drainage system.
The streets where the poor lived were poorly kept. A doctor in
Manchester wrote about the city:
Manufacturing= Mass
Production

As factories developed and grew in
size Mass Production- manufacturing
large amounts of identical items
became the “American system “ way
of doing business. To increase the
efficiency of mass production the use
of interchangeable parts was also
used on the Assembly line.
The more items that you can produce the
more profit the business owner can achieve
and pay their workers a higher wage.


Industrial
Revolution brought
rapid urbanization,
movement of
people to cities.
Small towns
around coal or iron
turned into cities
overnight.
Farm to Cities

Reasons for the
growth of cities:
• Changes in farming
• Soaring population
growth
• Demand for
workers
Chapter 19: Section 4
NEW WAYS OF THINKING
Laissez-faire

Middle class
business leaders
embraced the
laissez-faire, or
“hands off”
approach. Many
believed this
approach would
help the poor as
well as the
wealthy.
Thomas Malthus
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
Thomas Malthus
felt the population
would grow faster
than food supply.
As long as
population is
growing the poor
will suffer.
Opposed
government charity
and vaccinations.
Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham
advocated
utilitarianism, or the
idea that the goal of
society should be the
“the greatest
happiness for the
greatest number” of
citizens.
The Idea of Socialism

Socialism is when
the means of
Production is
owned by the
people as a whole.
•
•
•
•
Farms
Factories
Railways
Other businesses
that produce and
distribute goods.

Karl Marx, German philosopher,
formed a new style of socialism
called communism, development of a
classless society.
• He believed bourgeoisie was always
against the proletariat, or working class.
• In a communist classless society,
people’s struggles would end because
wealth would be equally distributed.
Karl Marx and Communism

Germany adopted
Marx’s beliefs to
form a social
democracy in
which there was a
gradual transition
from capitalism to
socialism.