Transcript Andrew Jackson - Mrs. Lacks 2014 - 2015

The Age of Jackson
AP US History
Mrs. Lacks
Essential
Question:
• Champion of the
common man OR King
Andrew?
What were the democratic
th
trends of the early 19
century?
Increased
Democratization
3
White male suffrage increased
3
Party nominating committees.
3
Electoral votes determined by popular vote
3
Rise of Third Parties.
3
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)
3
Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:
 Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans
(1854)
 Democrats (1828)
Campaigning “on the
stump”
Voting Requirements
Voter
Turnout:
1820 - 1860
Jackson’s Early Life
Andrew Jackson
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B. March 15, 1767
Parents: Scot-Irish immigrants
Grew up in western N or S Carolina
Joined Tennessee militia at age of 13
Planter, wealthy slave owner
Lawyer
US MC, TN
Colonel then Major General, War of 1812 (Old Hickory)
US Senator, TN
Military Governor of Florida
7th POTUS
st
1
known painting of AJ,
1815
During the
First
Seminole
War
st
1
Preside
ntial
Run
Election of 1824
Henry Clay
[KY]
John Quincy
Adams
[MA]
John C. Calhoun
[SC]
William H.
Crawford
[GA]
Election of
1824: A
Corrupt
Bargain?
The John Quincy Adams
Administration
1825 - 1829
Opposition to JQA
3
Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by
elites.
3
Some objected to his support of national economic development on
constitutional grounds.
 Adams believed a strong, active central government was
necessary.
 A national university.
 An astronomical observatory.
 A naval academy.
3
Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a
strong president as a threat to individual liberties.
What were the key issues of
the Election of 1828?
JQA vs. Jackson
Tariff of Abominations
3
Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap textiles.
3
Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton
imports.
3
Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool &
hemp].
 Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH,
KY.
 The South alone was adamantly against it.
 As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need
a protective tariff.
 They were negatively impacted  American textiles and
iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more
expensive!
Votes in
the
House
for the
“Tariff of
Abomin
ations”
3
John Quincy Adams:
 His land policies gave westerners another reason to dislike him.
 He attempted to curb speculation for public lands  his
opponent accused him of denying their individual rights
and freedoms to expand westward!
 He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white
settlers.
 1825  govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of
Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA.
 The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the
treaty.
 Congress sided with the governor of GA.
Election of 1828
3
Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of
NY
 He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:
 Northern farmers and artisans.
 Southern slave owners.
 Farmers with small land holdings.
 He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s
old party:
 Created a national committee that oversaw local and state
party units.
 Mass meetings, parades, picnics.
 A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.
Rachel Adams
Final Divorce Decree
Election
of 1828
The New Jackson
Coalition
3
The Planter Elite in the South
3
People on the Frontier
3
Artisans [competition from factory labor].
3
State Politicians  spoils system
 To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy! [William
Marcy of NY]
3
Immigrants in the cities.
Jackson as Satan Dangles the
Spoils of Victory over his
Supporters
Jackson’s Faith in the
Common Man
3
Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies,
& special privilege.
3
His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”
3
Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon
achievements.
3
Put his friends in office, despite their lack of knowledge of
their post
President Jackson
The Peggy
Eaton Affair
The Nullification Crisis
South Carolina
The Webster-Hayne
Debate (1830)
Sen. Daniel
Webster
[MA]
Sen. Robert
Hayne
[SC]
The Webster-Hayne
Debate
• Issue: Protective Tariffs
• No Preparation
• Webster: pro national control of western lands; pro
protective tariff (backed by Jackson)
• Hayne: pro-states rights (backed by Calhoun)
• Webster’s second reply to Hayne is considered the
“most eloquent speech ever delivered in Congress”
• "made for the people, made by the people, and
answerable to the people,” (Webster)
Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads to
Despotism
New Tariff Conflict
3
1832 --> new tariff
3
South Carolina’s reaction?
3
Jackson’s response?
3
Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff?
Clays Sews Up Jackson’s
Mouth (1834)
Jackson’s Native American
Policy
Jackson’s NA Policy
3
Jackson’s Goal?
3
1830  Indian Removal Act
3
Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831)
* “domestic dependent nation”
3
Worcester v. GA (1832)
3
Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him
enforce it!
The
Cherokee
Nation
Indian Removal
Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
Jackson’s Professed “Love”
for Native Americans
Assassination Attempts
• First POTUS that anyone attempted to kill
• First attempt: Robert Randolph, Naval officer – hit AJ
over the head with a rock
• Second attempt: Richard Lawrence, unemployed
housepainter, shot at AJ while leaving the Capitol;
gun misfired (twice); AJ beat him with a cane
Assassination Attempts
Jackson’s Use of
Federal Power
VETO
1830  Maysville Road project
in KY [state of his
political rival, Henry
Clay]
The National Bank
Debate
Nicholas
Biddle
[an arrogant
aristocrat from
Philadelphia]
President
Jackson
nd
2
Opposition to the
B.U.S.
“Soft”
“Hard”
(paper) $
3
3
state bankers felt
it restrained their
banks from issuing
bank notes freely.
supported rapid
economic growth
& speculation.
(specie) $
3
3
3
felt that coin was
the only safe
currency.
didn’t like any bank
that issued bank
notes.
suspicious of
expansion &
speculation.
3
3
3
3
The “Monster” Is
Destroyed!
“Pet Banks”
1832  Jackson
vetoed the
extension of the 2nd National
Bank of the United States.
1836  the charter expired.
1841  the bank went
bankrupt!
The Downfall of
“Mother Bank”
The Bank & the 1832 Election
3
Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill to renew the
Bank’s charter earlier as an attempt to block his reelection!
 Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.
 Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter.
 The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it!
 Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van
Buren.
 BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory
positions regarding their party principles, to many of the
issues of the day!
An 1832
Cartoon:
“King
Andrew”?
Positions on the Key
Issues of 1832
WHIGS
• Opposed “liberal capitalism”
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because they believed it would lead
to economic chaos.
Strong national govt. to coordinate
the expanding economy was critical.
Opposes Indian removal.
Favored tariffs.
Supported a National Bank.
DEMOCRATS
• Believed that bankers, merchants, and
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speculators were “non-producers” who
used their govt. connections to line their
own pockets.
Govt. should have a hands-off approach
to the economy to allow the little guy a
chance to prosper.
For Indian removal.
Oppose tariffs.
States’ rights.
Oppose federal support for internal
improvements.
Opposed the National Bank.
Election
of 1832
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook”
[O. K.]
The Specie Circular (1836)
3
Speculators created “wildcat banks” that fueled the
runaway inflation.
3
So, buy future federal land only with gold or silver.
 This move shocked the system.
3
Jackson’s goal  to curb the land speculation.
Results of the Specie Circular
$ Banknotes loose their value.
$ Land sales plummeted.
$ Credit not available.
$ Businesses began to fail.
$ Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!
The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!
Andrew Jackson in
retirement
• On the last day of the
presidency, Jackson
admitted that he had
but two regrets, that
he "had been unable
to shoot Henry Clay or
to hang John C.
Calhoun."
Photo of
Andrew
Jackson in 1844
(one year before
his death)
1767 - 1845