Transcript Andrew Jackson

Essential Question:
Champion of
the
“Common Man”?
OR
“King”
Andrew?
Voting Requirements
in the Early 19c
Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860
Campaigning “on the Stump”
Why Increased Democratization?
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White male suffrage increased
Party nominating committees. (instead of
Congress choosing the candidates)
Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential
electors.
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats,
etc.)
Two-party system returned in the 1832
election (aka 2nd Party System):
 Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs
(1832)  Republicans (1854)
 Democrats (1828)
Results of the 1824 Election
A
“Corrupt
Bargain?”
Opposition to John Quincy Adams
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Some believed he allowed too much
political control to be held by elites.
Some objected to his support of national
economic development on constitutional
grounds.
 Adams believed a strong, active central
government was necessary.
 A national university.
 An astronomical observatory.
 A naval academy.
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Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a
might nation led by a strong president as a
threat to individual liberties.
Tariff Battles
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Tariff of 1816  on imports of cheap
textiles.
Tariff of 1824  on iron goods and more
expensive woolen and cotton imports.
Tariff of 1828  higher tariffs on
imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].
 The South alone was adamantly against it.
 As producers of the world’s cheapest
cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.
 They were negatively impacted  American
textiles and iron goods [or the taxed
English goods] were more expensive!
Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”
Land & Indian Policies
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John Quincy Adams:
 His land policies gave westerners another
reason to dislike him.
 He attempted to curb speculation for
public lands  his opponent accused him of
denying their individual rights and
freedoms to expand westward!
 He supported the land rights of Native
Americans against white settlers.
 1825  govt. officials negotiated a treaty
with a group of Creek Indians to cede
their land rights to GA.
 The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to
renounce the treaty.
 Congress sided with the governor of GA.
The 1828 Election
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Jackson’s campaign was engineered by
Senator Martin Van Buren of NY
 He wanted to recreate the old
Jeffersonian coalition of:
 Northern farmers and artisans.
 Southern slave owners.
 Farmers with small land holdings.
 He created the Democratic Party from
the remains of Jefferson’s old party:
 Created a national committee that
oversaw local and state party units.
 Mass meetings, parades, picnics.
 A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.
Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree
1828 Election Results
The Center of Population in the
Country Moves WEST
The New “Jackson Coalition”
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The Planter Elite in the South
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People on the Frontier
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Artisans [competition from factory
labor].
State Politicians  spoils system
 To the victor belong the spoils of
the enemy! [William Marcy of NY]
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Immigrants in the cities.
The Reign of “King Mob”
The “Peggy Eaton Affair”
The Webster-Hayne Debate
Sen. Daniel
Webster
[MA]
Pro-Union
Sen. Robert
Hayne
[SC]
State Rights
1832 Tariff Conflict
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1832 --> new tariff
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South Carolina’s reaction?
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Jackson’s response?
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Clay’s “Compromise”
Tariff?
Indian Removal
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Jackson’s Goal?
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1830  Indian Removal Act
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Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831)
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Worcester v. GA (1832)
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Jackson:
* “domestic dependent nation”
John Marshall has made his
decision, now let him enforce
it!
Indian Removal
Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
Jackson’s Professed “Love” for
Native Americans
The National Bank Debate
Nicholas
Biddle
[an arrogant
aristocrat from
Philadelphia]
President
Jackson
nd
Opposition to the 2 B.U.S.
“Soft”
(paper) $
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state bankers felt
it restrained their
banks from issuing
bank notes freely.
supported rapid
economic growth
& speculation.
“Hard”
(specie) $
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felt that coin was
the only safe
currency.
didn’t like any bank
that issued bank
notes.
suspicious of
expansion &
speculation.
The “Monster” Is Destroyed!
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“Pet Banks”
1832  Jackson
vetoed the
extension of the 2nd National
Bank of the United States.
1836  the charter expired.
1841  the bank went
bankrupt!
The Downfall of “Mother Bank”
The Bank & the 1832 Election
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Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill
to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an
attempt to block his re-election!
 Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.
 Jackson refused to sign the bill to recharter.
 The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I
will destroy it!
 Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with
Martin Van Buren.
 BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs]
had contradictory positions regarding their
party principles, to many of the issues of
the day!
An 1832
Cartoon:
“King
Andrew”?
Positions on the Key Issues of 1832
WHIGS
• Less concerned about the
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widening gap between rich
and poor.
Opposed “liberal capitalism”
because they believed it
would lead to economic
chaos.
Strong national govt. to
coordinate the expanding
economy was critical.
Opposes Indian removal.
Favored tariffs.
Supported a National Bank.
DEMOCRATS
• Felt the widening gap
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between rich and poor was
alarming.
Believed that bankers,
merchants, and speculators
were “non-producers” who
used their govt. connections
to line their own pockets.
Govt. should have a handsoff approach to the economy
to allow the little guy a
chance to prosper.
For Indian removal.
Oppose tariffs.
States’ rights.
Oppose federal support for
internal improvements.
Opposed the National Bank.
1832 Election Results
The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook”
[O. K.]
The Specie Circular (1836)
3 Speculators created “wildcat
banks” that fueled the
runaway inflation.
3 So, buy future federal land
only with gold or silver.
 This move shocked the system.
3 Jackson’s goal  to curb
the land speculation.
Results of the Specie Circular
$ Banknotes lose their value.
$ Land sales plummeted.
$ Credit not available.
$ Businesses began to fail.
$ Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!
The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!