Transcript Slide 1
Chapter 4
Kitchen Essentials:
Part 1—
Professionalism
© Copyright 2011 by the National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation (NRAEF)
and published by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Does It Mean To Be a
Culinary Professional?
To be professional is to be courteous, honest, and responsible in your
dealings with customers and coworkers.
A culinarian is one who has studied and continues to study the art
of cooking. The attributes of a culinary professional include:
Knowledge: A professional culinary program provides the culinary
student with a basic knowledge of foods, food styles, and the methods
used to prepare foods.
Skill: Culinary schooling alone cannot make a culinary professional.
Practice and hands-on experience provide the skills necessary to
produce quality foods or organize, train, motivate, and supervise a staff.
Flavor, aroma, taste: Culinary professionals must produce foods that
taste great, or the customer will not return.
Judgment: Culinary professionals must use discretion and appropriate
behavior with coworkers, supervisors, and employees.
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What Does It Mean To Be a
Culinary Professional? (cont.)
Dedication: Becoming a culinary professional is hard work.
Pride: It is important to have a sense of pride about a job well
done. Pride extends to personal appearance and behavior in
and around the kitchen.
Respect: Respect is having consideration for oneself and
others. In order to respect others, a person must first respect
himself or herself.
Personal responsibility: Personal responsibility means that
a person is responsible for the choices he or she makes.
Personal responsibility means that a person accepts
accountability and is in control.
Education and the culinary professional: Employers value
a formal culinary education.
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Workstations
A workstation is a work area in the kitchen dedicated to a particular
task.
Workstations using the same or similar equipment for related
tasks are grouped together into a work section.
Good kitchen design maximizes the flow of goods and staff
from one area to the next and within each area itself.
A kitchen-brigade system is a method for staffing a kitchen
so that each worker is assigned a set of specific tasks.
A dining-room brigade is led by the dining room manager
(maître d) who generally trains all service personnel,
oversees wine selections, works with the chef to develop the
menu, organizes the seating chart, and seats the guests.
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Section 4.1 Summary
Professionalism means being courteous, honest, and responsible
in one’s dealings with customers and coworkers. It also indicates
that a person is maintaining standards for his or her work and
behavior.
Professional culinarians have knowledge, skill, taste, judgment,
dedication, pride, respect, and a sense of personal responsibility.
A kitchen brigade is a system of staffing a kitchen so that each
worker is assigned a set of specific tasks.
A traditional dining-room brigade is led by the dining room
manager (maître d’) who generally trains all service personnel,
oversees wine selections, works with the chef to develop the
menu, organizes the seating chart, and seats the guests.
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Business Math
Math influences every decision that a manager makes in an operation.
It is the foundation of the kitchen and the back office.
Math skills are extremely important in foodservice settings.
Managers are expected to have a basic understanding of
math and know how to apply mathematical principles to
business situations.
Chefs and managers need to know how to determine
recipe yields, convert recipes from customary to metric
measure, and change the yields of recipes.
Culinary professionals need to understand the concepts of
fraction, decimals, and percentages. They need to know
how to use and apply these math functions in the kitchen.
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U.S. and Metric
Measurement Systems
The most commonly used system of measurement in the
United States is based on customary units.
Cooking and baking require exact weighing and measuring of
ingredients to ensure consistent quality and minimal waste.
The metric system is the standard system used in many other
parts of the world. Metric units are based on multiples of 10
and include milliliters, liters, milligrams, grams, and kilograms.
When a recipe is written using metric units, use metric
measuring tools.
Thermometers measure degrees of temperature in either
Fahrenheit (°F), which is the customary measure, or Celsius
(°C), which is the metric measure.
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Standardized Recipes
A recipe is a written record of the ingredients and preparation steps
needed to make a particular dish.
Recipes for institutional use, or standardized recipes,
must follow a format that is clear to anyone who uses them.
A standardized recipe lists the ingredients first, in the order
they are to be used, followed by assembly directions or the
method for putting the ingredients together.
A standardized recipe includes:
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Name of the recipe
Ingredients
Yield
Portion size
Chapter 4 | Kitchen Essentials: Part 1—Professionalism
Temperature, time, and
equipment
Step-by-step directions
Nutrition information
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Converting Recipes
Convert a recipe when the yield of the recipe (the amount it provides)
is not the same as the amount of product needed.
The conversion of the recipe affects the cost of the
recipe, but not necessarily the cost of the portion.
When properly converted and prepared, the quality of
the product produced from the recipe should not vary
from the original, no matter how many portions it yields.
Sometimes you must change (or convert) a recipe if the
yield is not the amount you need.
Using basic math skills, it’s easy to increase or decrease
many recipes.
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Measuring
Measurement refers to how much of something is being used in a
recipe.
Volume is the amount of space an ingredient takes up. Volume
measurement is best used for liquids.
Dry ingredients are measured by leveling them off evenly at the
rim of the spoon or cup using a straightedge.
A typical set of measuring cups includes 1/4 cup, 1/3 cup, 1/2
cup, and 1 cup measures.
Liquid measuring cups are see-through and have measurement
markings on the side.
Measuring spoons generally come in a set of four or five. Most
customary sets include these sizes: 1/4 tsp, 1/2 tsp, 1 tsp, and 1
tbsp.
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Measuring (cont.)
Weight is the measurement of an item’s resistance to
gravity. Weight is expressed in ounces and pounds.
A food scale is helpful for measuring ingredients by
weight.
Fat can be measured in several ways.
Stick method: Used for fat that comes in 1/4-pound sticks, such
as butter or margarine. The wrapper is marked in tablespoons
and in fractions of a cup. Simply cut off the amount needed.
Dry measuring cup method: Pack the fat down into the cup.
Level off the top. When adding to the recipe, use a rubber
scraper to empty as much of the fat as possible from the cup.
Water displacement method: This method involves combining
fat with water in a liquid measuring cup.
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EP/AP Amounts
To determine how much of an item is needed to yield an AP (as
purchased ) amount, simply divide the edible portion amount
needed by the yield percentage.
To determine the AP quantity needed to result in a given EP (edible
portion) quantity, it is also important to know the cooking loss for
the item.
A conversion chart is a list of food items showing the expected, or
average, shrinkage from AP amount to EP amount.
A butcher test is used to measure the amount of shrinkage that occurs during the
trimming of a meat product.
A cooking loss test is a way to measure the amount of product shrinkage during
the cooking or roasting process.
Products today can frequently be purchased in an “as edible
portion.” This is something that is purchased trimmed and cut.
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Costing Recipes
Costing recipes can be complicated, but the profitability of a restaurant
or foodservice operation depends on balancing costs and prices.
Standard recipe cost and cost per serving, or standard
portion cost, are key success factors in quantity food
production operations.
To find the total cost of a standard recipe, a manager
must know both the ingredient amounts needed and the
market price of each one.
Many operations price out all recipes and then check
them every six months to see if they are still accurate,
while others compare standard recipe costs to the
national price index twice a year.
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Section 4.2 Summary
A standardized recipe includes details such as the list and amounts
of ingredients, yield, equipment, and cooking time and temperature.
Customary units include ounces, teaspoons, tablespoons, cups,
pints, and gallons. Metric units are based on multiples of 10 and
include milligrams, grams, kilograms, milliliters, and liters.
To measure temperature, use a thermometer; to measure fat, use
the stick, dry measuring cup, or water displacement method; and to
measure by weight, use a scale.
To determine the as purchased or AP amount to yield an edible
portion (EP) amount, divide the EP amount needed by the yield
percentage. Get the yield percentage from a conversion table.
To find the total cost of a standard recipe, you must know both the
ingredient amounts needed and the market price of each one. Then
multiply or divide the ingredient amounts by the prices.
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