Transcript Psychodynamic Theory - Kansas State University

Motive Units
Psychodynamic Theory
Motive Unit Theories
• Carrot theories
– Incentives pull (motivate) behavior towards
pleasure
• Pitchfork theories (stick)
– Punishments push (motivate) behavior away
from pain
• Tension produce drive states to reduce tension
– Low glucose causes feeling of hunger -> eating behavior
– Freud’s theory is a ‘push’ theory
Sigmund Freud
• Human is energy system
– Principle of energy conservation
– Energy = tension
– Goal of behavior is tension reduction (pleasure)
• Behavior driven by sexual & aggressive
instincts
– Biological imperatives seeking expression
(unconscious)
– Conflicts between instincts & society central
Sigmund Freud
• Clinical, idiographic
approach to science
– Free-association
– Dream interpretation
– Projective tests
Original couch used by Freud in Vienna, displayed in
the Freud Museum in London
Psychodynamic Structural Units
Rational,
planful,
mediating
dimension
of personality
Conscious
Ego
Superego
Moralistic,
judgmental,
perfectionist
dimension of
personality
Irrational,
illogical,
impulsive
dimension of
personality
Preconscious
Unconscious
Id
Information
in your
immediate
awareness
Information
which can
easily be
made
conscious
Thoughts,
feelings,
urges, and other
information
that is difficult
to bring to
conscious
awareness
Unconscious
• Motivation key
– Satisfy instincts
– Remain unaware of instincts
• Instincts can be:
– Blocked, displaced,
combined
– Expressed symbolically
• Dreams, accidents, slips of
the tongue (parapraxes)
Ego, Id and Superego
• Components in
constant conflict
– Ego tries to satisfy Id,
SE & reality
– Weak or strong ego
Personality Development
• All have sexual & aggressive instincts
– Individual differences due to nature of early
environment (traumatic experiences, conflicts)
– Differences in methods/success satisfying
instincts
• Instinct gratification changes during childhood
– Conflict between society/parents & instincts
– Resolution -> adult personality (by age 5)
• Oral...Anal...Phallic…(latency) Genital
Personality Development
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Fixation/problems determines adult traits
Oral: Optimistic & gullible (E) v. hostile (I)
Anal: Fastidious & orderly (C) v. messy
Phallic: Flirty & promiscuous v. chaste
– Personality determined by age 5
– Conflicts, neurosis, traumas carry-on during
adult life & determines behavior
– Individual differences in defense mechanisms
Anxiety
• Signal of threat or danger to person (ego)
– Desire becoming conscious or not expressed
– Conflict unresolved
• Activates unconscious defenses
Defense Mechanisms
Activity 4: Defense Mechanisms
•
Groups of 4-5 will write a 1 minute skit illustrating 1 defense
mechanism
•
Each skit must include:
– A setting (e.g., friends at a movie, club, library)
– > 3 named characters (with at least 2 spoken lines each)
– clear demonstrations of the defense mechanism through
dialogue and/or behavior of characters
•
Each group will perform their skit for the class who will guess which
mechanism is being illustrated
• PLEASE TURN YOUR SKIT IN AT THE END OF CLASS!
Activity 4: Defense Mechanisms
• Defense mechanisms:
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Projection
Rationalization
Denial
Reaction formation
Sublimation
Isolation
Undoing
• To do in order:
– Pick mechanism
– Read & understand
mechanism
– Pick setting & characters
– Write dialogue for
mechanism
– Pick performers
Day 2: September 16
Reaction Paper 4: Freud
• What is your reaction to Freud’s ideas?
Does his view of human nature &
personality development ring true for you?
What aspect of his theory do you
particularly agree/disagree with? Explain.
Evidence of Defense Mechanisms
• Yes but not psychoanalytical defense model
• Social Psychology
– Self-serving bias
– Accept positive reject negative feedback
– Downward social comparison
• Repressors
– High on social desirability, low on anxiety
– Report calm but physiologically aroused
Evidence of Defense Mechanisms: Denial
• Terror Management Theory: Unconsciously
defend against fear of death (Pyzczynski et
al., 2000)
– Increases belief in cultural world view
• Adams et al. (1996)
– Homophobic men physiologically aroused to
homoerotic material
• Subjective arousal = non-homophobic men
Adams et al. (1996)
Heterosexual video
Homosexual video
Blocked line = non-homophobic
Solid line = homophobic
Lesbian video
Defense & Denial Healthy?
• May be a matter of degree...
• YES
• Positive illusions of self-enhancement,
control & optimism associated w/ mental &
physical health (Taylor et al., 2000)
• Depression, adjustment, immune function,
longevity
Defense & Denial Healthy?
• NO!
• Long-term distortion of reality unhealthy
• Suppression of emotion increases ANS
(Gross & Levenson, 1997)
• Emotional disclosure of trauma enhances
mental & physical health (Hemenover,
2003; Pennebaker, 2000)
Hemenover (2003)
Cognitive Unconscious
• Freud’s view of unconscious:
– Unconscious hot, affective, irrational & seething
• Contemporary: Cold, logical & cognitive
– Cognitive processes occur outside of awareness
• Implicit memory, perception,, emotion, motivation &
social behavior
• Not necessarily affective or motivational
– Behaviors, thoughts become automatic & part of
unconscious (automaticity)
Cognitive Unconscious
• Implicit Social Cognition
– Unconscious attitudes, beliefs, feelings, behaviors
– Activated & progress unconsciously, automatically
– Bargh: Most day to day behavior (even goal seeking)
proceeds in this way
• Bargh & Pietromonaco (1982): Hostile words
• Krosnick et al. (1992): PA NA pictures
• Bargh et al. (1996): Primed stereotypes
Activity 5: Cognitive Unconscious
• Groups of 3-5
– Describe 1 similarity and at least 2 differences
between the cognitive unconscious and
Freud’s model of the unconscious (Pervin p. 207-8;
Pervin & John, p. 79)
– Based on this is integration of these two
models possible? Explain.
• PLEASE TURN THESE IN AFTER CLASS!
Psychodynamic Theory:
Contributions & Limitations
• Contributions
• Limitations
• Early experiences
• Weak science
• Unconscious mind – Poor definitions
• Rich observations – Low precision in prediction
– Untestable & unfalsifiable
hypotheses
• Tension model problematic
• Autobiographical
– Freud was ‘close’ w/ mom
– Victorian era suppressed sex
Funny Freud
Critique of the Motive Unit
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Origin of motives?
Universal motives & taxonomy?
Operationalization of motives?
Process of motives?